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| IIBKART OF CONGRESS. S 



£3 



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jgUfflTED STATES OF AMERICA.- 



SHORT AND PLAIN 
GRAMMAR 

OF THE 

SPANISH LANGUAGE. 



BY 

D. E. DELARA, 

M 

PROFESSOR OF THE CONTINENTAL LANGUAGES IN THE ROYAL, 

THE MECHANICS', THE LITERARY, SCIENTIFIC, AND 

COMMERCIAL INSTITUTIONS, ETC., 

IN LIVERPOOL ; 

AUTHOR OF SEVERAL WORKS ON LANGUAGES. 



No language can be learned from the grammar alone One hour's oral 

tuition from the lips of a talented and honest teacher, is incomparably more valuable 

w Her per praecepta longum est, breve et efficax per exempla 



LONDON : 

LONGMAN & CO., WHITTAKER & CO., AND SIMPKIN & MARSHALL; 
, LIVERPOOL, GEORGE PHILIP; 

MANCHESTER, BANCKS & CO. ; EDINBURGH, OLIVER & BOYD; 

GLASGOW, JOHN REID & CO. ; 

DUBLIN, JOHN CUMMING AND W. F. WAKEMAN 

1836, 






Printed by JOHN B. JOHNSON, Liverpool. 



PREFACE. 

During the eighteen years that I have been 
engaged in the profession of teaching, I have not 
been able to meet with any grammar (it matters 
not of what language) that I could conscientiously 
put into the hands of my pupils ; in consequence 
of which, I was obliged to give them their gram- 
matical lessons in MS., which took up much of 
my time, and demanded an additional portion of 
labour. I could easily state my reasons why I 
declined the use of any of the grammars published 
in this country ; indeed, the matter was in type ; 
I had already corrected the proof sheets ; when I 
was advised by a friend not to meddle with such 
a "very delicate subject," lest I should raise a 
nest of hornets round my head. I dare not, 
therefore, enter into those details connected with 
the machinery of grammar writing, which it is 
high time, however, the public should be made 
acquainted with. All that I dare say respecting 
the grammars published for the instruction of 
British youth, is this — they contain both too much 



IV. PREFACE. 

and too little. Too much, since they abound in 
numerous undigested rules, that are mere deduc- 
tions from existing principles, instead of being 
the principles themselves ; too little, inasmuch as 
they are deficient in many things, a correct know- 
ledge of which is absolutely necessary to begin- 
ners ; and even the rules which they do contain 
are laid down in language so obscure, as to be 
beyond the comprehension of a young learner. 

I have endeavoured to avoid all affectation and 
pedantry. It is true, the student will not meet 
with nominatives, genitives, datives, &c. ; he will 
find no "gerunds;"* nothing about "regimen 
direct" and "regimen indirect;" neither "rela- 
tives" nor "antecedents;" "predicates" nor "ap- 
proximates;" "attributes" nor "propositions;" nei- 
ther "inferential" nor "potential" moods; neither 
"passive," "reciprocal," "neuter," nor "transi- 
tive" verbs;f not one verb with twenty-seven 

* " Quand la preposition en figurait devant le modificatif 
d'action, on l'appelait gerondif. . . . mot barbare, gothique 
et inutile." — Vanier. 

f " Qu'on oublie toutes ces theories sur les verbes passifs, 
les verbes neutres, conjugu6s avec avoir ou avec etre, et les 
participes presents, passes, et futurs : puis leurs regies, et puis 
encore, leurs exceptions ; enfin toutes ces friperies des rudi- 
ments latins des 15me. siecle, qu'on vient encore abusivement 
Staler, dans nos grammaires dites francaises." — Vanier. 



PREFACE, V. 

tenses in it; no "syntax;" not so much even as 
" disjunctive conjunctions ;" he will only find the 
rules, laid down in plain and homely language, 
and these but few in number ; for instance, only 
one on a subject, on which the best grammar 
published gives twenty-six, besides exceptions ; 
but he will be enabled to use properly the differ- 
ent moods and tenses, the English auxiliary verbs, 
the personal pronouns, &c. ; he will know, to a 
certainty, when the adjective is to precede, when 
to follow, the noun, all which he would have to 
look for in vain in any grammar that I know of; 
and I can give him the assurance, founded on the 
experience of half my life, that, should he feel 
inclined to study the French, Italian, Spanish, 
Portuguese, or German language, by pursuing a 
plan similar to that followed in the present little 
work, he will be enabled to express himself with 
correctness, understand any author, and write a 
good letter, in about as much time as it would 
require to learn the rules on orthography,* the 

* To which the best Spanish grammar published, devotes 
fourteen pages, and which, in the present little work, occupy 
but one. I have never yet had a pupil whom I did not enable 
to pronounce, correctly, every word in the French, Spanish, 
German, or Italian language, within ten minutes; and I 
believe that every teacher who knows what he is about, can 
do the same. 

a2 



VI. PREFACE. 

declension of the nouns, and the conjugation of 
the verbs, from other grammars; — for the truth of 
this assertion, I need only appeal to the numerous 
pupils whom I have had, and yet have, the honor 
to instruct in the different continental languages, 
whether privately, in schools, or in the public 
institutions of this town ; with one proviso, how- 
ever — namely, that he be assisted by a teacher, 
who, to talents, unites judgment and honesty; and 
the teacher who does possess these three requi- 
sites, will certainly not put into the hands of his 
pupils any of the wretched French, Spanish, Por- 
tuguese, Italian, or German grammars, patronized 
by a too confiding public, merely because they 
"have a name," and are expensive in proportion 
to their bulk. 



INDEX. 



Page 

Rules on Orthography ] 

Remarks on Consonants '2 

ARTICLE. 4 

No. 1. Four words for the Article. 

2. Of and From — To and At — how rendered. 

Rules on the Article. 

3. Article to agree in Number and Gender with the Noun. 

4. i» to be repeated before every Noun. 

5. ii before the names of Countries, $c. 

6. h before Nouns taken in a general sense. 

7. El before feminine Nouns, beginning with a. 

NOUNS. 6 

8, 9, 10. How to form the Plural. 
1 1 to 14. Gender of the Nouns. 
15 & 16. Exceptions. 

17. To know the Gender by three Mnemonics. 

Rules on the Nouns. 9 

18. Two Nouns coming together. 

19. The 's possessive. 

ADJECTIVES. 9 

20 to 22. Adjectives to agree in Number and Gender with the Noun. 

23. How to form the Plural in Adjectives. 

24. Place of Adjectives. 

Remarks on placing the Adjectives. 

25. Adjectives that lose the last o. 

26. n taken in the abstract. 
27, 28, 29. n taken in a high degree. 

Degrees of Qualification. 14 

30. Regularly. 
31 & 32. Irregularly. 

33. As as &c. 

34. Very. 

35. Adverbs — how formed of Adjectives 



Vlll. INDEX. 



No. 



Page 

VERBS. 15 

36 to 40. Preliminary remarks on Verbs. 

41. Example of the First Conjugation. 

42. it ii Second Conjugation. 

43. ii ii Third Conjugation. 

44. Personal Pronouns— why omitted. 

45. Accents — their use. 

46. Remarks on the English Auxiliary Verbs. 

47. Scheme of the three Conjugations. 

48. Auxiliary Verb Haber. 

49. m Tener. 

50. ii Ser. 

51. i» Estar. 

52 & 53. On the Anglicisms, " There is," " There are," &c. 

54 & 55. Reflective Verbs. 

56 & 57. On the formation of the Compound Tenses. 

58 & 59. On Negatives. 

60. On the four modes of Conjugating Verbs. 

61 & 62. Remarks on Verbs in Gar, Ger, and Gir. 
63 & 64. ii »i Car, Cer, and Cir. 

PRONOUNS. 42 

Possessive Pronouns. 

65 to 71. On Possessive Pronouns. 
72. Remark on them. 

" Whose" — how rendered. 

Demonstrative Pronouns. 43 

74. On This and That. 

75. How used. 

Personal Pronouns. 44 

76 & 77. On Subjects and Objects. 

78. When preceded by a Preposition or Conjunction. 

79. Personal Pronouns — when omitted. 

80. ii when used. 
81 & 82. ii where placed. 
83 & 84. Of Le and Les. 

85. How to render two Pronouns connected. 
86 to 88. On Se and " Self." 
90 & 91. On the English Pronoun It. 

Relative Pronouns. 48 

92 to 106. Relative Pronouns. 

IRREGULAR VERBS. 49 

109. I. to IV. Irregular Verbs of the First Conjugation. 
V. to XIX. ii M Second Conjugation. 
XX. to XXXII. ii .» Third Conjugation. 

110. Remarks on the Classification of Irregular Verbs. 



INDEX. IX. 

Page 

USE OF MOODS AND TENSES. 63 

Indicative Mood. 63 

No. 111. Present time. 

112. Imperfect and Preterite. 

113. When to use the Imperfect, when the Preterite. 

114. Examples. 

115. Directions. 

116. On the term "used to do." 

117. Future. 

118. Conditional Mood. 

119. To be rendered by Estar before the Present Participle. 

Subjunctive Mood. 66 

120. Present time. 

121. When used. 

122. Imperfect. Use of ra and se. 

123. Conjunction que never to be omitted. 

124. " Should," in the sense of " ought." 

125. Future of the Subjunctive. 

126 Imperative Mood. 

Infinitive Mood. 

127. When to render the Preposition " to." 

128. " To," when rendered by de. 

129. it ii ii Por or Para. 

130. ii n not rendered. 

131. Reference to the Prepositions. 

USE OF THE ENGLISH AUXILIARY VERBS. 69 

132. How to render them in Spanish. 

133. Use of " Do" and " did," as signs of the present time. 

134. ii ii »» ii distinct Verbs. 

135. .. " Shall" and " Will." 

136. ii " Should" and " Would." 

137. ii " Should," in the sense of " ought." 

138. i» " Would," as the past of " will." 

139. ii " May," when the sign of the present time. 

140. ii ii in the sense of "to permit." 

141. n ii when it means possibility. 

142. i» "Might." 

143. Auxiliary Verbs used in English elliptically. 

144. ii often separated from the Infinitive. 

Use of Haber and Tener. 

145. When to use " To have" and " To be." 
146 & 147. On the Participle— its nature. 






X. INDEX. 

Page 

No. 148. Use of Haber. 
149 & 150. li Tener. 

151. Tener, when followed by a Passive Participle. 

152.. Haber, when followed by a Passive Participle* 

153. Tener, with a Passive Participle. 

154 to 157, Exemplified with both these Verbs. 

158. Demonstration. 

159. To have, rendered by Tener que. 

Use of Ser and Estar. 77 

160. Meaning of Ser and Estar. 

161. When to use Ser, when Estar. 

162. u n ii before a Passive Participle. 

163. Further Rules on the use of these Verbs. 

164. Passive Participle when to agree with Noun in Number 

and Gender. 

165. When to use the Regular, when the Irregular, Passive 

Participle. 

166. The same with Haber and Tener. 

167. When the Passive Participle in English is not rendered 

in Spanish. 

168. List of Verbs having two Passive Participles. 

169. List of Passive Participles having an active meaning. 

AUGMENTATIVES AND DIMINUTIVES. 83 

170. Augmentatives and Diminutives. 

171. Augmentatives. 

172. Diminutives. 

173. How formed in Nouns. 

174. ii i» Adjectives. 

175. Different use of the Augmentatives and Diminutives. 

176. Irregular Diminutives, and their meaning. 

ADVERBS. 84 

177. Adverbs — where placed. 

178. How formed of Adjectives. 

PREPOSITIONS. 85 

179. Prepositions always to be placed before the Verb. 

180. ii to be repeated before every Noun. 

181. ii never to be followed by the Verb in the 
Present Participle, except after en; and when. 

182. Prepositions requiring other Prepositions after them; 

and list of them. 

183. Prepositions — remarks on their different meanings, and 

list of their literal meanings. 



INDEX. XI. 

Page 
No. 184. Prepositions — further remarks. 

185. On Verbs compound, with a separable Preposition in 

English. 

186. List of English Prepositions, with their corresponding 

Prepositions in Spanish. 

187. List of Verbs requiring a, containing 160 idioms. 

188. u Adjectives requiring a. 

189. The use of the Preposition a before objects acted upon. 

190. List of words requiring de, containing 200 idioms. 

191. ii ii en, ii 112 n 

192. ii ii con, u 100 ii 

193. When with is to be rendered by con, when by de. 

194. List of words requiring por after them, containing 45 

idioms. 

195. List of words requiring para after them, containing 20 

idioms. 

196. Observations on por and para. 

197. For, when rendered by Por. 

198. ii ii ii Para. 

199. List of words requiring contra, containing 10 idioms. 

200. ii ii sobre, n ii 

201. On, when rendered by en. 

202. List of words requiring entre after them, 

203. List of words requiring hacia after them. 

204. List of words requiring hasta after them. 

205. List of words requiring tras after them. 

CONJUNCTIONS. 118 

• 206. Conjunctions requiring other Conjunctions after them. 

207. ti ii Verb in the Infinitive. 

208. i» ii ii ii Subjunctive. 

209. Impersonal Verbs followed by que. 

210. Verbs expressing hope, desire, will, wish, or command, 

followed by que. 

211. Conjunctions requiring the Verb in the Indicative. 

212. e and y for and. 

213. u and o for or. 

214. Si requires the Verb in the Subjunctive. 

LISTS. 

215. Alphabetical List of Irregular Verbs. 121 

216. List of Verbs reflective in Spanish, and not in English. 



217. 


ii 


Cardinal Numbers. 


218. 


ii 


Ordinal Numbers. 


219. 


ii 


Distributive Numbers, 


220. 


ii 


Indefinite Pronouns. 


221. 


it 


Adverbs. 


222. 


it 


Prepositions. 


223. 


n 


Interjections. 



XII. 



INDEX. 



INTERJECTIONS. 
No. 224. Remarks on the meanings of Interjections. 

ABBREVIATIONS. 
225. Abbreviations in common use. 



PARTICULAR REMARKS. 



Page 

138 



139 



143 



226. 
227. 
228. 
229. 
230. 
231. 
232. 
233. 
234. 
235. 
236. 
237. 
238. 
239. 
240. 
241. 
242. 
243. 



On the use of Don. 

Senor and Senora. 
Usted, Vmd., &c. 
Tener, of dimensions. 
ii age. 

if affections of the body. 

Hacer, of the weather. 
Haber, to be since, or ago. 
To be, by Haber. — He aqui. 

Many Verbs, having each numerous significations. 
Different meanings ofAndar, to go, containing 50 idioms 
ii »i Dar, to give, 150 it 

ii ii Estar, to be, 30 n 

ii ii Hallar, to speak, 40 n 

ii ii Hacer, to do or make, 90 m 

ii ii Ir, to go, 30 ii 

ii ii Venir, to come, 20 n 

On the transposition of words in Spanish. 



lErrata. 



Page 7, 


line 6 from the 


top 9 for women, read woman. 


11, 


"24 


»' 


" sagradas, read sagrados. 


13, 


» 5 


»» 


" ProstrerOy read postrero. 


15, 


" 30 


»> 


" verbs, read the verbs. 


26, 


» 14 


»» 


" OSes, read aseis- 


64, 


» 29 


» 


" to put, read put. 


95, 


» 6 


" 


" proximi, read proximo. 


98, 


» 23 


»> 


" intendimiento, read entendimiento. 


108, 


» 16 


» 


" dendores, read deudores. 


108, 


» 17 


» 


»' coso, read cosa. 


117, 


"25 


» 


" entre algo read algo entre. 


132, 


» 18 


ii 


" volear, read volcar. 



There are, also, a few errors in the accents. 



A GRAMMAR 

OF THE 

SPANISH LANGUAGE. 

ORTHOGRAPHY. 

VOWELS. 

A, (as a in bar, lard,) Alma, basta, para. 

E, (as ai in main,*) Mena, galera, paredes. 

I, (as ee in spleen,) Mina,?naravedi, liberal. 

O, (as o in bone,*) hobo, gota, mona. 

U, (as oo in spoon,) Gusto, pura, lustre. 

CONSONANTS. 

B,f D,f F, L, M, N, P, Q, R, T, V,f as in English. 
C, before a, o, u, or a consonant, as k — cama, codo, 

cun a, credo, clima.J 
C, before e or i, as th — cedra, cima. 

* Neither the e nor o are pronounced >o strongly as in English, 
t See Remarks on some Consonant.- 
B 



2 ORTHOGRAPHY. 

G, before a, 0, u, or a consonant, as in English — 

gana, gota, grande, gloria. 

G,f before e or i, guttural — gefe, gira, gime. 

H, always mute — Hamhre, heroe, higo, hour a. 

J,f always guttural— -jefe, jime, aleja. 

S, always as s, (in best, puss, &c.) — casa, pesa, oso. 

X,f in some words, and always before a consonant, 

as x — exponer, exigir. 

X, in other words, guttural — Alexandro, exemplo. 

Y, at the beginning of a syllable, as in yard — 

Yegua, rayo. 

Y, by itself, as ee — its meaning is and. 

2*, as th 9 in path, third, &c. — plazo, mozo. 

Combination of Consonants. 

Ch, (as in church,) Leche, hicho, mancha. 
LI, (as I followed by y,) Gallo,grillo, orgullo, Mora, 
pronounce galyo, greelyo, orgoolyo, lyora. 



t Remarks on some Consonants. 

B and V. — The Spaniards have the bad habit of pronouncing both 
these letters alike, as W; it is a bad habit, but universal. Learners 
will do well to avoid it at first. 

D is pronounced rather as th, in there, &c. 

G, J, and X. — These three letters are all guttural ; hence the 
Spaniards often confound the use of them. It is better, however, 
to be guided by the orthography of other languages. For instance : 

Example, write exemplo, from the Latin exemplum. 
ii Alejandro, &c. 

ii General, from the French general. 
ii Religion, h u French or Latin, Religio. 

The natives of South America generally use the g only for the gut- 
tural sound; before e or i they write egemplo, &c. ; and they substi- 
tute s or cs for the x, in such words as 

Examinar, which they write ecsaminar, or esaminar. 
Exponer, n u n esponer. 



ORTHOGRAPHY. 3 

Rr, (as single r, but stronger,) Pero, perro, mora, 

morra. 
Qu, before e or i, as k — quedo, marques, liquido. 
N, (as n followed by y,) mana, mana, una, una. 

OBSERVE. 

1. Every letter has one invariable sound. 

2. Every letter is distinctly pronounced. Luego, 
ruido, reyes. 

3. There are no double letters except // and rr. 
Pasion, (passion,) gramatical, (grammatical,) 

efeminar, (to effeminate.) 



4 



ETYMOLOGY. 



ON THE ARTICLE. 



It is necessary to premise here, that, in Spanish, 
every noun is either masculine or feminine ; that 
is, it represents either a male or female. Thus, 
a book is masculine. Speaking of it, we should 
say, he is upon the table. And pen is feminine. 
Speaking of a pen, we must say, she is in the ink- 
stand, or, I hold her in my hand. How to ascer- 
tain the gender of a noun will be shown hereafter, 
under No. 1 1 and seq. 

THE ARTICLE. 

1. For the article the there are four words in 
Spanish; namely, el, los, la, las. 

El, if the noun be masculine singular ; as the 
man, el hombre. 

Los, if the noun be masculine plural ; as the 
men, los hombres. 

La, if the noun be feminine singular ; as the 
woman, la muger. 

Las, if the noun be feminine plural; as the 
women ; las mugeres. 

Mas. H. Fem. PL 

Thus: The el los la las 



ETYMOLOGY. 



2. Of or from are rendered by de. 
To or at are rendered by a; 
But, instead of de el, we say del, (of the.) 
m a el, » al, (to the.) 

EXAMPLES. 

The paper, (mas.) El papel. 

Of the hook, (mas.) Del libro. 

To the room, (mas.) Al cuarto. 

The house, (fern.) La casa. 

Of the pen, (fern.) De la pluma. 

To the ink, (fern.) A la tinta. 

Of this man, De este hombre. 

At my house, A mi casa. 

From his friend, De su amigb. 

To our mother, A nitestra madr ? 



Rules on the Article. 

o. The article must agree in number and gender 
with the noun to which it belongs ; as 

The man, El hombre. 

The woman, La muger. 

Of the men, De los hombres. 

To the women, A las muger es. 

4. The article is to be repeated before every 
noun in a sentence, if the nouns be of different 
genders, and if no pronoun is connected with the 
noun, and this, too, though it be omitted in Eng- 
lish; as 

I have seen the man, woman, He visto al hombre, la muger 
and children, y los hijos. 

5. The article is placed before the names of 
countries, mountains, and rivers, the four quarters 
of the world, the cardinal points, the winds, the 

b2 



ETYMOLOGY. 



seasons, Sec. ; as La Europa, El Asm, ZaFrancia, 
La Inglaterra, £7norte, El sur, El verano, &c, 
except coming from, going to, belonging to, or 
being in. 

6. The article is placed before nouns taken in 
a general sense, the virtues, vices, passions, pro- 
perties, existences, &c. ; personified, as 

Man is mortal, El hombre es mortal. 

Virtue is amiable, La virtud es amable. 

Vice is odious, El vicio es odioso. 

7. If a noun feminine begin with a, and the first 
syllable be the longest in the word, instead of la, 
use el for the singular — the plural does not change 



-as 



El alma, 


the soul 


El dma, 


the mistress 


La alegria, 


joy 


El Asia, 


Asia 


La amistad, 


the friendship 


La America, 


America 



NOUNS. 
Formation of the Plural in the Nouns. 

8. If the noun terminate in a vowel, add s to the 

singular; as 

Hornbre, man, hombres. 

Libro, book, libros. 

9. If the noun terminate in a consonant or ac- 
cented vowel, add es. 

Animal, animal, animales. 

Arbol, tree, arboles. 

Jabali, wild boar, jabalies, (or jabalis.) 

Rey, king, reyes. 

10. If the noun terminate in #, change the # 

into ces. 

Voz, voice, voces. 



ETYMOLOGY. 7 

Gender of the Nouns. 

11. In Spanish every noun is either masculine 
or feminine ; there is no neuter. 

are masculine. 

are feminine. 

are masculine. 

are feminine. 

12. Those who are acquainted with Latin may 
easily remember, that nouns that are either mascu- 
line or neuter in Latin, are generally masculine in 
Spanish; (and also in French, Italian, and Portu- 
guese ;) and nouns that are feminine in Latin, are, 
of course, ferpinine in Spanish, (and the other lan- 
guages named.) 

13. Those who are not acquainted with Latin 
may easily recollect that nouns terminating in 



Hornbre, 


man, 


} 


Caballo, 


horse, 


Muger, 
Mula, 


women 
mule, 


■} 


LibrOj 


book, 


} 
} 


Papel, 
Plum a 3 
Cancion, 


paper, 

pen, 

song, 



j, as reloj, 
I, " canal, 


a watch, 
a canal, 


n, H meson, 
r, ii amor, 
x, H relox, 
i, ii maravedi, 
are masculine. 


an inn, 
love, 
a watch, 
a small Sp 


14. Nouns terminating in 


i 


a, as alma, 
d, ii lid, 
tad, 1' amistad, 
dad, '1 verdad, 


soul, 
struggle, 
friendship, 
truth, 


ion, i» union, 


union, 


gion, " religion, 


religion, 



8 ETYMOLOGY. 

• sion, as confusion, confusion, 

cion, ti cancion, a song, 

y, n fey, law, 

#, " 002?, voice, 
are feminine. 

Of the following, some are masculine, \Qthers 
feminine in y, e, s, and u, 

15. Nouns in ma, ta, and ca, of Greek origin, 
are masculine, though terminating in a; aspoema, 
a poem ; planeta, a planet ; monarca, a monarch. 
To know whether such nouns be of Greek origin, 
suppress the last a, and if they give you an English 
word of the same meaning, they are of Greek 
origin. 

16. The following are also exceptions : 

Dia, a day, ^ 

Etna, Etna, 

Guardaropa, wardrobe, 

Laryomira, telescope, ^ are masculine. 

Mana, manna, 

Sofa, sofa, 

Viva, huzza, 

17. The following two mnemonics will easily 
enable you to remember the gender of the nouns. 

Masculine : 

All words terminating in any of the letters com- 
posing the following word ; 

R_I_N— J— L— O— X. 

Feminine : 

All words terminating in any of the letters that 
form the following word, 

A— D— ION— Z. 

N.B. — To all the preceding rules on the gender 
of the nouns, there are some exceptions. 



ETYMOLOGY, 9 

Rules on the Nouns. 

18. When two nouns come together in English, 
the former showing what sort of a noun the latter 
is ; or, in other words, the former qualifying the 
latter, they are transposed in Spanish, and the 
word de placed between them: as Cortinas de 
cama, bed curtains. 

19. The 's possessive, in English, is treated in 
the same manner as 

My father's house, La casa de mi padre ; 

that is, (the house of my father.) 

Man s life, La vida del hombre ; 

that is, (the life of man.) 

N.B. — Of augmentatives and diminutives will 
be treated hereafter. — (See 160 to 166.) 

ADJECTIVES. 

20. Adjectives must agree in number and gen- 
der with the noun which they qualify; that is; if 
the noun be plural or feminine, the adjective 
undergoes a change ; as under. 

21. Adjectives terminating in o, change o into a; 
as 

Hombre bueno, Good man. 

Muger buena, Good woman. 

22. Adjectives terminating in any other letter 
do not change in the feminine ; as 

Hombre feliz, Happy man. 

Muger felizy Happy woman. 

23. The plural is formed in adjectives as in the 
nouns. — (See Nos. 7, 8, and 9.) 



10 ETYMOLOGY. 

Hombre prudente, Prudent man. 

Hombres prudentes, Prudent men. 

Regla general. General rule. 

Reglas generates, General rules. 

Hombre feliz, Happy man. 

Hombres felices, Happy men. 

24. Adjectives generally follow the noun, as 
appears from the preceding examples; yet they 
sometimes precede them ; namely, token the speak- 
er's or writer s intention is rather to call the atten- 
tion to the thing itself than to its quality. 

Remarks on placing the Adjectives. 

Whether the following digression will be welcome to the 
student I know not ; I trust, however, that the perusal of it 
will be of some utility to him in the study, not only of the 
Spanish, but also of the French, Italian, and Portuguese, as 
the following principles are equally applicable to the four Latin 
dialects. 

In the English and other northern languages of Europe, 
the adjective invariably precedes the noun ; in the Spanish and 
other southern and western dialects, it generally follows the 
noun; as — 

English, A happy man, (adjective first.) 
German, Ein GliicMicher mann, (ditto.) 
French, Tin homme heureux, (adj. last.) 
Italian, Un uomo felice, (ditto.) 

Portuguese, Hum homem feliz, (ditto.) 
Spanish, Tin hombre feliz, (ditto.) 

Yet, the adjective frequently precedes the noun in the French, 
Spanish, &c. How am I to know when the adjective is to 
precede, when to follow, the noun ? 

If you consult most of the grammars, they will refer you to 
custom, and appeal to your taste, (taste, in beginners of a lan- 
guage !) By attending to the following rule, addressed to your 
own judgment, (and every man possesses a greater or less 
degree of judgment, though he may not possess the purest 
taste,) you can never be at a loss to know where to place the 
adjective. Well, then : 



ETYMOLOGY. 11 

Though you can never describe the quality of a thing without 
mentioning also the thing itself, yet, you may wish to call the 
attention of your hearer or reader, rather to the quality of the 
object, than to that object itself. For instance : I may say, 
this is a good horse, (that is, it is a horse, not a mule, &c.,) or 
else, it is a good horse, not a bad horse. 

" Has life so little store of real woes 

That here ye wind to taste fictitious grief? " 
Again : 

" Your debts mount high, ye plunge in deeper waste." 

In the preceding lines, it is evidently the writer's object 
more particularly to call the attention of the person addressed 
to the words real and deeper, though, of course, he cannot 
introduce these words, without stating also, real what ? — deeper 
what? 

Now, in Spanish, when your object is to call the attention of 
your hearer, rather to the thing itself, than to its quality, let the 
noun follow the adjective: in the contrary case, reverse that 
order. Let us now illustrate this principle by a few extracts 
from the best writers. 

No Lejos de la ciudad de Cures — en medio de una Antigua 
Selva, hay un suntuoso templo — El rio — riega con sus aguas 
las huertas de varias, caserias separadas, construidas al 
rededor del templo. En estos asilos Sagradas, cada sacerdote 
.. ..vive con su muger e hijos, fyc. El venerable Tulio era 

el SUMO PONTIFICE. 

Antigua Selva. — The principal thing is not so much that 
the forest be ancient, as well that the temple be situated in a 
forest : therefore, noun last. 

Suntuoso templo. — That the temple be splendid is of minor 
importance, than the existence of the temple, which becomes 
the first scene in the story. — Noun last. 

Caserias separadas. — Not only does the river flow through 
the gardens of several houses, but these houses are distinguished 
by being the solitary abodes of the priests of Ceres. — Adjective 
last. 

Asilos sagrados. — These priests live in sequestred spots : 
but these spots are sacred. — Adjective last. 

El venerable Tulio. — The principal object here is to know 
who was the priest ; that his office and his advanced age ren- 
dered him venerable is a matter of course. — Noun last. 



12 ETYMOLOGY. 

As the principle laid down is, as I observed before, equally 
applicable to the French, Italian, and Portuguese languages, 
I shall further illustrate it by an extract in French. 

" Du Dieu qui nous crea, la clemence Infinie, 
Pour adoucir, les maux de cette courte vie, 
A, place parmi nous, deux etres bienfaisants, 
De la terre, a jamais aimables habitants. 
Soutiens, dans les travaux, tresors dans l'indigence : 
L'un est le doux sommeil,— Fautre l'esperance." 

Voltaire's Henriade. 

Clemence infinie. — Not only is God merciful, but his mercy 
is distinguished by being endless. — Adjective last. 

Courte vie. — Whether life be short or long, the evils of life 
were to be soothed. — Noun last. 

Deux etres bienfaisants. — The two beings (hope and sleep 
personified) are beneficent beings. — Adjective last. 

Aimables habitants, — The fact of their being amiable is of 
less importance than that they are become inhabitants on this 
earth — they are always amongst us. — Noun last. 

Doux sommeil. — Which are the two beings? Hope and 
sleep. — Noun last. 

Now, in order to remember this rule, you need only keep 
in mind, that you should pronounce the more important of the 
two words, or that to which you wish more particularly to call 
the attention of vour hearer or reader, last. This principle is 
founded on very sound reasons ; to state which, in this work, 
would, perhaps, be entering rather too deeply into the subject 

25. The following adjectives, when placed before 
the noun, lose the terminating o in the masculine 
singular. 



Bueno, 


Good 


Ninguno, 


None 


Malo, 


Bad 


P rimer o, 


First 


Uno, 


One, a, or an 


7 ere er o t 


Third 


Alguno, 


Some 


Postrero, 


Last 



Grande, Great, makes Gran, 
Santo, Saint, San. 

As Un hombre, A man | Unos hombres, Some men. 
Algun dia, Some day. 



ADJECTIVES. IS 

Ningun diner o, or Diner o ninguno, Not any money. 
Buen caballo, or Caballo bueno, Good horse. 

Primer libro, or Libro primer o, First book. 

Tercer dia, or Dia tercero, Third day. 

Prostrer dia, or Dia prostrero, Last day. 

San Pablo, St. Paul. Dia Santo, Solemn day. 

26. Adjectives, taken in the abstract, require 
Zo* before them, which answers to the words " that 
which is ;" as 

Lo bueno, lo malo, The good, the bad. 

Lo cierto, lo dudoso, The certain, the doubtful. 

Equivalent to "that which is certain," " that which 
is doubtful," "that which is good/' "that which is 
bad." 

27. Adjectives, taken in a very high, though 
not in the highest degree, change the last 

o or e into isimo, 

a or e isi?na, 

os or es isimos, 

as or es isimas, 

As 

Una bellisima casa, A most beautiful house. 

Un hombre felicisimo, A most happy man. 

Unos hombres prudentisimos, Most prudent men. 

28. Those in 

& change into cisimo, as Feliz, felicisimo. 
co H quisimo, Rico, ri quisimo. 

ble " bilisimo, Amable, amabilisimo. 

go '» guisimo, Largo, largidsimo. 

29. The following are formed irregularly : 

Bueno, good, Bonisimo. 

Fuerte, strong, Fortisimo. 

* Some grammarians have, absurdly enough, called this word lo a 
neuter article. 



14 ADJECTIVES. 

Nuevo, new, Novisimo* 

Sahio, wise, Sapientisimo. 

Sacro, sacred, Sacratisimo. 

Fiel, faithful, Fidelisimo. 

Degrees of Qualification. 

30. These are formed in English by affixing to 
the adjective the termination er for the compara- 
tive, and est for the superlative. In Spanish they 
are formed by placing before the adjective mas 
(more) for the comparative ; and 

El mas, Los mas, \ r™ . 

La mas, Las mas, J * 

for the superlative, according to number and gen- 
der; as 

High, higher, the highest. 

m. Alto, altos, mas alto, &e., el mas alto, &c. 
/. Alta, alias, mas alta, &c, la mas alta, &c. 

31. The following form their degrees of qualifi- 
cation irregularly : 

Bueno, good ; 
Mejor, better ; optimo, or el mejor, &c,, the best. 

Malo, bad ; 

Peor, worse ; pesimo, or el peor, &c, the worst. 

Grande, great; 

Mayo?', greater ; maximo, el mayor, &c, the greatest. 

Pequeno, small; 

Menor, smaller ; el minimo, or el menor, &c., the smallest. 

Alto, high; 

Superior, higher ; supremo, &c., the highest. 

Bajo, low ; 

Inferior, inferior ; infimo, the lowest. 

Mucho, much ; 
Mas, more ; el mas, &c., the most. 

Poco, little ; 
Menos, less ; el menos, &c, the least. 



VERBS. 15 

Also, the following Adverbs : 
Bien, well ; 

Mejor, better; lo mejor, in the best manner. 

Mai, ill or badly ; 
Peor, worse ; lo peor, in the worst manner. 

82. All the preceding adjectives, may form their 
degrees of qualification regularly, as alto, high, 
mas alto, higher, el mas alto, &c, the highest, &c, 
and this method is preferred. 

33. The words 

As as, are rendered by tan . . . .como. 

Not so.... as, tt no tan.. ..como. 

As much.... as, it tanto....cuanto. 

k f u m. tantos.. ,.cua?itos. 

As many .... as, < x , , 

J I " /• tantas.. ..cuantas. 

EXAMPLES. 

As good as this, Tan bueno como esto. 

34. The word very is rendered by muy. 

35. Adverbs may be formed of adjectives, by 
affixing to the feminine, mente ; equivalent to ly 
in English ; as, 

Feliz, happy. Felizmente, happily. 

Amargo, bitter. Amargamente, bitterly. 

Bellisimo, most beautiful, Bellisimvmente, most beautifully. 



VERBS. 

Instead of following the plan generally pursued 
in grammars, of giving the Pronouns before the 
Verbs, I have found, by experience, that it is both 
more useful and easier to the student, to make 
himself acquainted with Verbs, before he com- 
mences the study of the Pronouns. 

It will be much better and easier to the learner 



16 



VERBS. 



to make himself acquainted, first, with the regular 
Verbs of the three conjugations, instead of begin- 
ning, as is the usual practice, with the auxiliary 
Verbs, To have and To be, Haber and Tener, Ser 
and Estar, which are quite irregular. I can see no 
reason for the absurdity (if there can be any reason 
at all for an absurdity) of learning first these verbs 
(which are exceptions to a general rule) instead of 
learning the three conjugations (that is, the rule 
itself) first. 

36. Every verb in Spanish must terminate in 

ar 9 er, or ir ; as 

Amar, to love ; Vender, to sell ; Sufrir, to suffer. 

37. As one verb of any termination is conju- 
gated, so are all the verbs of the same termination 
conjugated. 

38. Every verb is divided into its root and ter- 
mination. 

39. The terminations being ar, er, or ir, all the 
letters in the verb, preceding the termination, con- 
stitute its root. 

40. The root undergoes no change, (in regular 
verbs,) but the termination undergoes certain 
changes, according to the time when, and circum- 
stances under which, an action is performed, and 
according to the person or persons who perform it. 

Thus, if To love, be Am-ar, 
I do love, is am-o, 
He did love, is am-aba, 
We shall love, is am-aremos, 
He will love, is am-am, &c* 



VERBS. 17 

41. — First Conjugation in ar. 

Amar, To Love. 

Indicative Mode. 

Present Time. 

I love, Yo, dm-o. 

Thou lovest, Tu, dm-as. 

He loves, El, dm-a. 

We love, Nosotros, a^-amos. 
You love, Vosotros, am-ais. 
They love, Ellos, dm-an. 

Imperfect. — Usual or habitual time. 

I lov-ed, Amaba. 
Thou lov-edst, Am-abas. 
He lov-ed, Am-aba. 
We lov-ed, ^Tw-abamas. 
You lov-ed, Am-abais* 
They lov-ed, Am-aban. 

Past time. 

I lov-ed, A?n-e. 
Thou lov-edst, Am-aste. 
He lov-ed, Am-6. 
We lov-ed, Am-amos. 
You lov-ed, Am-asteis. 
They lov-ed, Am-avon. 

Future time. 

I shall or will love, A?n-are. 
Thou shalt or wilt love, Am-aYas> 
He shall or will love, Am-ava. 

c2 



18 VERBS. 

We shall or will love, Am-aremos, 
You shall or will love, Am-areis. 
They shall or will love, Am-aran. 

Conditional time. 

I should or would love, Am-avia. 
Thou shouldst or wouldst love, Am-arias, 
He should or would love, Am-aria. 
We should or would love, ^m-ariamos. 
You should or would love, ^wz-ariais. 
They should or would love, Am-arian. 

Subjunctive Mode. 

Present time. 

That I may love, or let me love, Que, dm-e. 

That thou mayst love, Que, dm-es. 

That he may love, or let him love, Que, dm-e. 

That we may love, or let us love, Que, am-emos* 

That you may love. Que, am-e\s. 

That they may love, or let them love, Que, dm-en. 

Imperfect, or dependent time. 

I might love, am-ara, or am-ase. 

Thou mightst love, am-aras, or am-ases. 

He might love, am-ara, or am-ase. 

We might love, am-aramos/or am-asemos. 

You might love, am-arais, or am-aseis. 

They might love, am-aran, or am-asen. 

Uncertain future time. 

When or if I shall love, cuando or si am-are. 
When or if thou shalt love, cuando or si am-ares. 
When or if he shall love, cuando or si am-are. 



VERBS. 19 

When or if we shall love, cuando or si #m-aremos. 
When or if you shall love, cuando or si am-areis. 
When or if they shall love, cuando or si am-aren. 

Imperative, or Commanding Mode. 

Love thou, dm-a. 
Love ye, a?n-ad. 

Participles. 

Present, loving, am-kndo. 
Past, lov^rf, am-ado. 

42. — Second Conjugation in er. 

Vender, To sell. 

Indicative Mode. 

Present time. 

Vend-o, I sell or do sell. 
Vend-es, Thou sellest or doest sell. 
Vend-e, He sells or does sell. 
Vend-Smos, We sell or do sell. 
Vend- Sis 9 You sell or do sell. 
Vend-en, 'They sell or do sell. 

Imperfect, usual or habitual time. 

Vend-ia, I sold. 
Vend-ias, Thou soldest. 
Vend-za, He sold. 
Vend-iamos, We sold. 
Vend-iais, You sold. 
Vend-ian, They sold. 



20 



VERBS. 



Past time. 

Yexxd4 3 I sold or did sell. 
Vend-iste, Thou soldest or didst sell. 
Yend-io, He sold or did sell. 
Yend-imos, We sold or did sell. 
Vend-isteis, You sold or did sell. 
Yend-ieron, They sold or did sell. 

Future time. 

Yend-ere 9 I shall or will sell. 
Yend-erds, Thou shalt or wilt sell. 
Vend-era, He shall or will sell. 
Yend-eremos, We shall or will sell. 
Yend-ereis, You shall or will sell. 
Yend-erdn, They shall or will sell. 

Conditional time. 

Yend-eria, I should or would sell. 
Yend-erias, Thou shouldst or wouldst sell. 
Yend-eria, He should or would sell. 
Yend-eriamos, We should or would sell. 
Yend-erzais, You should or would sell. 
Yend-erian, They should or would sell. 

Subjunctive Mode. 

Present time. 

Que vend-#, I may or let me sell. 

Que vend-as, Thou mayst sell. 

Que vend-a, He may or let him sell. 

Que vend-dmos, We may or let us sell. 

Que vend-dis, You may sell. 

Que vend-ra, They may or let them sell. 



VERBS. 21 

Imperfect, or dependent time. 

Vend-?*6?m or \end-iese, I might sell. 
Vend-ieras or vend-ieses, Thou mightst sell. 
Vend-iera or vend-iese, He might sell. 
Vend-ieramos or vend-iesemos, We might sell. 
Vend-ierais or vend-ieseis, You might sell. 
Yend-ieran or vend-iesen, They might sell. 

Uncertain future time. 

Si or cuando xend-iere, If or when I shall sell. 
Si or cuando xend-ieres, If or when thou shalt sell. 
Si or cuando xend-iere, If or when he shall sell. 
Si or cuando xend-ieremos, If or when we shall sell. 
Si or cuando xend-iereis, If or when you shall sell. 
Si or cuando vend-ieren, If or when they shall sell. 

Imperative or Commanding Mode. 

Vende, sell (thou.) 
Y ended, sell (ye.) 

Participles. 

Present, xend-iendo, selling. 
Past, xend-ido, sold. 

43. — Third Conjugation in i?\ 

Sufrir, To suffer. 

Indicative Mode. 

Present time. 
Sufr-o, I suffer. 
Sufr-es, Thou sufferest. 
Sufr-£, He suffers. 



22 VERBS, 

Sufr-imos, We suffer. 
Sufr-fo, You suffer. 
Sufr-tfrc, They suffer. 

Imperfect, usual or habitual time. 

Sufr-ea, I suffered. 
Sufr-ias, Thou sufferedst. 
Sufr-m, He suffered. 
Suh-iamos 9 We suffered. 
Sufr-iais, You suffered. 
Sufv-ian, They suffered. 

Past time. 

Sufr-z, I suffered or did suffer. 
Snfr-iste, Thou sufferedst or didst suffer. 
Sufr-id, He suffered or did suffer. 
Sufr-imos, We suffered or did suffer. 
Sufr-isteis 9 You suffered or did suffer. 
Sufr-ieron, They suffered or did suffer. 

Future time. 

Sufr-«Vd, I shall or will suffer. 
Sufr-ira^, Thou sha.lt or wilt suffer. 
Sufr-«ra, He shall or will suffer. 
Sufr-iremos, We shall or will suffer. 
Sufr-ireis, You shall or will suffer. 
Sufr-irara, They shall or will suffer. 

Conditional time. 

Sufr-irm, I should or would suffer. 
Sub-irias, Thou shouldst or wouldst suffer. 
Sufr-iria, He should or would suffer. 
Suf r-iriamos, We should or would suffer. 
Sufv-iriais, You should or would suffer. 
Sufr-irian, They should or would suffer. 



VERBS. 23 

Subjunctive Mode. 

Present time. 

Que siifr-a, I may suffer or let me suffer. 

Que sufr-as, Thou mayst suffer. 

Que sufr-«, He may or let him suffer. 

Que s\ifv-dmos, We may or let us suffer. 

Que sufr-dis, You may suffer. 

Que sufr-ara, They may or let them suffer. 

Imperfect, or dependent time. 

Que sufr-iera, or sufr-iese, I might suffer. 
Que sufr-ieras, or sufr-ieses, Thou mightst suffer. 
Que sufr-iera or sufr-iese, He might suffer. 
Que sufr-ieramos or sufr-iesemos, We might suffer. 
Que sufr-ierais or sutr-ieseis, You might suffer. 
Que sufr-ieran or sufr-iesen, They might suffer. 

Uncertain future time. 

Si or cuando sufr-iere, If or when I shall suffer. 
Si or cuando sufr-ieres, If or when thou shalt suffer 
Si or cuando sufr-iere, If or when he shall suffer. 
Si. or cuando sufr-ieremos,Ifor when we shall suffer 
Si or cuando sufr-iereis, If or when you shall suffer 
Si or cuando sufr-ieren, If or when they shall suffer 

Imperative or Commanding Mode. 

Sufr-e, suffer (thou.) 
Sufr-id, suffer (ye.) 

Participles. 

Present, sufr-iendo, suffering. 
Past, sufr-ido, suffered. 



24 VERBS. 

44. The personal pronouns I, thou, he, she, we, 
you, they, have been omitted for reasons shown, 
No. 79. 

45. The accents placed upon the words are 
only there, to guide the learner in placing the 
emphasis on the proper syllable ; and this is very 
essential ; as on the pronunciation and accentua- 
tion of a verb its meaning often depends ; as 

Amo, I love Amo, He loved 

Amam, He will love Amara, I might love 

Ame, I may love Amef, I did love, &c. 

46. It will also appear from the three preceding 
conjugations, that the English auxilary verbs, Do, 
does, do ; did, didst, did; shall, shalt, &c. ; should, 
shouldst, &c. ; would, wouldst, &c. ; may, mayst, 
&c. ; might, mightst, &c, have no words in Spa- 
nish by which to render them. 

The way to render them is this: 

Ascertain in what time an auxiliaiyverb is used 
in English, and take that time in the verb in 
Spanish. 

" We would love." Would being used in the 
conditional in English, take the conditional of 
Amar in Spanish: Amariamos; which shows that 
ariamos is the equivalent to (We) would. — (See use 
of modes and tenses, No. Ill and seq., and use of 
English auxiliary verbs, 132 and seq.) 

47. The following scheme of inflexions will 
show, how the English auxiliary verbs are expressed 
in Spanish. 



1st 


2nd 


3rd 


Conjugation 


Conjugation 


Conjugation 


ar. 


er. 


ir. 



VERBS. 



25 



Indicative Mode* 
Present time, — Do, doest, does, do, do, do. 



o, as, a, amos, 
a is, an. 



o, es, e, emos, 
eis, en. 



o, es, e, imos, 
is, en. 



Imperfectly-past, or habitual time. 

Did, didst, did, did, did, did ; or, ed, edst, ed, ed, 
ed, ed. 

aba, abas, aba, ia, ias, ia, ia- ia, ias, ia, ia- 
dbamos,dbais, mos,iais, tan. mos, iais, tan. 
dban. 

Past time, — Did, didst, did, did, did, did. 



e,dste, 6, dmos, 
dste'is, dron. 



i, iste, io, imos, 
isteis, ieron. 

Future time. 



i, iste, io, imos, 
isteis, %4ron. 



Shall, shalt, shall, shall, shall, shall; or, will, wilt, 
will, will, will, will. 



are, aras, ara, 
aremos, areis, 
ardn. 



ere, eras, era, 
eremos, ereis, 
erdn. 

Conditional time. 



ire, iras, ira, 
iremos, ireis, 
irdn. 



Should, shouldst, should, should, should, should; 
or, would, wouldst, would, would, would, would. 



ana, arias, a- 
ria, driamos, 
arias, arian. 



eria,erias^eria, 
eriamos, eri- 
ais, erian. 

D 



tria, irias, ma, 
iriamos, iri- 
ais, irian. 



26 



VERBS. 



Subjunctive Mode. 

Present time. 

May, mayst, may, may, may, may ; or, let me, 
let him, let us, let them. 



e, es, e, emos, 
Sis en. 



a, as, a, amos, 
dis, an. 



a, as, a, amos, 
dis, an. 



Imperfect or dependent time. 
Might, mightst, might, might, might, might. 



ara, aras, ara, 

dramos, drais, 

dran. 
or 
dse, dses, dse, 

dsemos, dses, 

dsen. 



zera,teras,zera, 
ieramos, ie- 
rais, ieran. 
or 

iese, iSses, iese, 
iesemos, ie- 
seis, iesen. 



iera,ieras,iera, 
ieramos, ie- 
rais, ieran. 
or 

iese, ieses, iese, 
iesemos, ie- 
seis, iesen. 



Uncertain-future time. 
When I shall, shalt, shall, shall, shall, shall. 



are, ares, are, 
dremos, dreis, 
dren. 



iere, ieres, iere, 
ieremos, ie- 
reis, ieren. 



iere, teres, zere, 
ieremos. ie- 
reis, ieren. 



Participles. 

Present, — ing. 

dndo. | iSndo. \ iendo. 

Past. 

(Various in English ; generally ed.) 

ado. j ido. \ ido. 

Imperative, or Commanding, Mode. 
(Various in English.) 
a, dd. | e, ed. \ e, id. 



AUXILIARY VERBS. 9TJ 

AUXILIARY VERBS. 

To Have. 

48. — There are two words in Spanish for To have, 

Haber and Tener. 

(Their use will be explained hereafter. — See No. 145 and seq.) 

Haber. 

Indicative Mode. 

Present. 
H6, I have. 
Has, Thou hast. 
Ha, He has. 
Htfmos, We have. 
Hab<*is, You have. 
Han, They have. 

Imperfect. 
Habia, I had. 
Habias, Thou hadst. 
Habia, He had. 
Habiamos, We had. 
Habiaisy You had. 
Habian, They had. 

Past. 

Hube, I had. 
Hubiste, Thou hadst. 
Hubo, He had. 
Hubimos, We had. 
Hubisteis, You had. 
Hubieron, They had. 



28 AUXILIARY VERBS. 

Future. 
fflabre, I shall or will have. 
Habrds, Thou shalt or wilt have. 
Habrd, He shall or will have. 
Habremos, We shall or will have. 
Habreis, You shall or will have. 
Habrdn, They shall or will have. 

Conditional. 

Habria, I should or would have. 
Habrias, Thou shouldst or wouldst have. 
Habria, He should or would have. 
Habriamos, We should or would have. 
Habriais, You should or would have. 
Habrian, They should or would have. 

Subjunctive Mode. 

Present. 

Hdya, I may have or let me have. 

Hdyas s Thou mayst have. 

Hdya, He may have or let him have. 

Hdyamos, We may have or let us have. 

Hdyais, You may have. 

Hdyan, They may have or let them have. 

Imperfect. 

Hubiera or hubiese, I might have. 
Hubieras or hubieses, Thou mightst have. 
Hubiera or hubitfse, He might have. 
Hubieramos or hubitfsemos, We might have. 
Hubierais or hubi^seis, You might have. 
Hubieran or hubi&en, They might have. 



AUXILIARY VERBS. 29 

Future. 

Si or cuando hubiere, If or when I shall have. 
Si or cuando hubieres, If or when thou shalt have. 
Si or cuando hubiere, If or when he shall have. 
Si or cuando kubieremos, If or when we shall have 
Si or cuando hubiereis, If or when you shall have. 
Si or cuando hubieren, If or when they shall have. 

No Imperative. 

Participles. 

Present, — Habi6ndo> Having. 
Past, — Habido, Had. 



46. — Tener, to have or hold. 

Indicative Mode. 

Present. 
T&ngo, I have. 
Titfnes, Thou hast. 
Ti6ne, He has. 
Ten^mos, We have. 
Tenuis, You have. 
Ti6nen> They have. 

Imperfect. 

Tenia, I had. 
Tenias, Thou hadst. 
Tenia, He had. 
Teniamos, We had. 
Teniais, You had. 
Tenian, They had. 

d2 



SO . AUXILIARY VERBS. 

Past. 
Tuve, I had. 
Tuviste, Thou hadst. 
Tuvo, He had. 
Tuvimos, We had. 
Tuvisteis, You had. 
Tuvi&on, They had. 

Future. 

Tendrg, I shall or will have. 
Tendrds, Thou shalt or wilt have. 
Tendrd, He shall or will have. 
Tendr^mos, We shall or will have. 
Tendr6is> You shall or will have. 
Tendrdn, They shall or will have. 

Conditional. 

Tendria, I should or would have. 
Tendrms, Thou shouldst or wouldst have. 
Tendria, He should or would have. 
Tendrzamos, We should or would have. 
Tendriais, You should or would have. 
Tendrian, They should or would have. 

Subjunctive Mode. 

Present. 

Que i&2ga, I may have. 
Que tongas. Thou mayst have. 
Que t^nga, He may have. 
Que ttng&mosy We may have. 
Que ttfngais, You may have. 
Que t^ngan, They may have. 



AUXILIARY VERBS. 31 

Imperfect. 
Tuviera, or tuviese, I might have. 
Tuvi^ras, or tuvieses, Thou mightst have. 
Tuviera, or tuviese, He might have. 
Tuvieramos, or tuviesemos, We might have. 
Tuvierais, or tuvieseis, You might have. 
Tuvieran, or tuviesen, They might have. 

Future. 

Si tuviere, If or when I shall have. 
Si tuvieres, If or when thou shalt have. 
Si tuviere, If or when he shall have. 
Si tuvieremos, If or when we shall have. 
Si tuviereis, If or when you shall have. 
Si tuvieren, If or when they shall have. 

Imperative. 
Ten, Have (thou.) 
Tened, Have (ye.) 

Participles. 

Present, — Teniendo, Having. 
Past, — Tenido, Had. 

50. — There are two words for the verb To be, 
Ser and Estar. 

(Their use is explained hereafter. — See No. 160 and seq.) 

Ser. 

Indicative Mode. 

Present. 
Soy, I am. 
Eres, Thou art. 
Es, He is. 
Somos, We are. 
Soys, You are. 
Son, They are. 



32 AUXILIARY VERBS. 

Imperfect. 

Era, I was. 
Eras, Thou wast. 
Era, He was. 
Eramos, We were. 
Erais, You were. 
Eran, They were. 



Past. 



Fui, I was. 
Fuiste, Thou wast. 
Fue, He was. 
Fuimos, We were. 
Fuisteis, You were. 
Fueron, They were. 

Future. 

>Sm?, I shall or will be. 
Serds, Thou shalt or wilt be. 
Sera, He shall or will be. 
Seremos, We shall or will be. 
Sereis, You shall or will be. 
Serdn, They shall or will be. 

Conditional. 

Seria, I should or would be. 
Serias, Thou shouldst or wouldst be. 
Seria, He should or would be. 
Seriamos, We should or would be. 
Serials, You should or would be. 
Serian r They should or would be. 



AUXILIARY VERBS. 33 

Subjunctive Mode. 

Present. 

Sea, I may be or let me be. 

Seas, Thou mayst be. 

Sea, He may be or let him be. 

Sedmos, We may be or let us be. 

Seals, You may be. 

Sean, They may be or let them be. 

Imperfect. 

Fuera or Fuese, I might be, or if I were. 
Fueras or Fueses, Thou mightst be, or if thou wert. 
Fuera or Fuese, He might be, or if he were. 
Fueramos or Fuesemos, We might be, or if we were, 
Fuerais or Fueseis, You might be, or if you were. 
Fueran or Fuesen, They might be, or if they were. 

Future. 

Si fuere, If or when I shall be. 
Si fueres, If or when thou shalt be. 
Si fuere, If or when he shall be. 
Si fueremos, If or when we shall be. 
Si fuereis, If or when you shall be. 
Si fueren, If or when they shall be. 



Se, Be (thou.) 
Sed, Be (ye.) 



Imperative. 



Participles. 

Present, — Siendo, Being. 

Past, — Sido, Been. 



34 AUXILIARY VERBS. 

51. — Estar, To be. 

Indicative Mode. 

Present. 
Estoy, I am. * 

Estds, Thou art. 
Estd, He is. 
Estdmos, We are. 
Estdis, You are. 
Estdn, They are. 

Imperfect. 

Estdba, I was. 
Estdbas, Thou wast. 
Estdba, He was. 
Estdbamos, We were. 
Estdbais, You were. 
Estdbarty They were. 

Perfect. 

Estuve, I was. 
Estuviste, Thou wast. 
Estiivo, He was. 
Estuvimos, We were. 
Estuvisteis, You were. 
Estuvieron, They were. 

Future. 

Estare, I shall or will be. 
Estards, Thou shalt or wilt be. 
Estard, He shall or will be. 
Estaremos, We shall or will be. 
Estareis, You shall or will be. 
Estardn, They shall or will be. 



AUXILIARY VERBS. 35 

Conditional. 

Estaria, I should or would be. 
Estarias, Thou shouldst or wouldst be. 
Estaria, He should or would be. 
Estariamos, We should or would be. 
Estariais, You should or would be. 
Estarian, They should or would be. 

Subjunctive Mode. 

Present. 

Este, I may be or let me be. 

Estes, Thou mayst be. 

Este, He may be or let him be. 

Estemos, We may be or let us be. 

Esteis, You may be. 

Esten, They may be or let them be. 

Imperfect. 

Estuviera, or estuviese, I might be. 
Estuvieras, or estuvieses, Thou mightst be. 
Estuviera, or estuviese, He might be. 
Estuvieramos, or estuviesemos, We might be. 
Estuvierais, or estuvieseis, You might be. 
Estuvieran, or estuviesen, They might be. 

Future. 

Si estuviere, If or when I shall be. 

Si estuvieres, If or when thou shalt be. 

aS^' estuviere, If or when he shall be. 

Si estuvieremos, If or when we shall be. 

Si estuviereis, If or when you shall be. 

Si estuvieren, If or when they shall be. 



36 AUXILIARY VERBS. 

Imperative. 
Estd, Be (thou.) | Estdd, Be (ye.) 

Participles. 

Present, — Estdndo, Being. 
Past, — Estddo, Been. 



On the Anglicisms, there is, there are, %c. 

52. When the English wish to point out the 
particular place, where an object exists, they make 
use of the words here and there; these words are 
rendered in Spanish by aqui, for here; and alii, 
for there ; as, 

Here is a man ; Aqui estd un hombre. 

There is a woman ; Alii estd una muger. 

53. But the English often use the expressions 
there is, there are, there was, there will be, &c, 
without specifying the place where ; as, there will 
be a procession to-morrow; there would be more 
happiness if there were more contentment, &c. 
Now, in that case, the Spaniards render 

There is and there are, by Hay. 
There was and were, by Habia. 
There was and, were, by Hiibo. 
There will be, by Habrd. 
There would be, by Habria. 
There may be or let there be, by Que hay a 
There might be, by Hubiera or hubiese. 
If there shall be, by Si hubiere. 



REFLECTIVE VERBS. 



37 



There being, Habiendo. 

(There having) been, by (Habiendo) kabido. 

As, 

There is nothing to do ; No hay nada que hacer. 

There will be a procession ; Habra una procesion. 

There would be more happiness ; Habria mas felicidad. 

If there were more contentment ; Si hubiera mas contentamiento. 

Reflective Verbs. 



54. Reflective Verbs are such as express the 
performance of an action on the individual himself 
who performs it. 

In English they are formed by placing after the 
verb the words 



Myself, 
Thyself, 
Himself, 






Te, 

Se, 




Herself, 

Itself, 

Oneself, 

Ourselves, 

Yourselves, 


^ These are rendered 
in Spanish hy 


Se, 

Se, 

Se, 

Nos, 

Os, 


placed before 
the verb. 


Themselves,^ 






Je, J 




EXAMPLES. 


To dress oneself, 


Vestirse. 


I dress myself, 
Thou dressest thyself, 


Yo me visto. 
Tu te vistes. 


He dresses himself, 


El se viste. 


She dresses herself, 


Ella se viste. 


We dress ourselves, 


Nosotros nos vestimos 


You dress yourselves, 


Vosotros os vestis. 


They dress themselves, 


Ellos se visten. 


Dress thysell 
Dress yourse 


Ives, 


VisU 
Vest 


ios. 





38 COMPOUND TENSES. 

Dressing himself, 1 

Dressing herself, one- >- Vistiendose. 
self, themselves, &c. J 

55. When the words myself, thyself, &c, are 
used emphatically in English, the verb is followed 

by 

A mi mismoy misma. 

A ti mismo, misma. 

A si mismo, mismo. 

A nosotros mismos, a nosotras mismas. 

A vosotros mismos, a vosotras mismas. 

A si mismos, a si mismas. 

(See Personal Pronouns, No. 89.) 

On Compound Tenses. 

56. These are formed by placing the passive 
participle of any verb, after any person, in any 
tense of the verbs to have or to be ; as, / have 
received; we had made; they were deceived ; she 
would have received, 8fc. Observe, that when the 
passive participle be preceded by the verbs ser or 
estar, (to be,) it must agree in number and gender 
with the noun affected by it; as, 

We have made ; Hemos hecho. 

They are made ; Estan hechos ovhechas; 

Of which more hereafter, when treating of the 
verbs to be. — See No. 160. 

57. Here I must caution learners against certain 
mistakes, into which they are very apt to fall; 
namely, that of using the past time instead of the 
passive participle in Spanish. This is, because in 
English there is no difference between them ; the 



NEGATIVES. 39 

word made, for instance, being the past time as 
well as the passive participle of the verb to make ; 
and so with all the rest, except a few irregular 
verbs. Thus they are apt to render the words 
They played, by Ellos jugado, instead of EUos 
jugaron or jugaban ; the letters are received by 
Las cartas fueron recibieron, instead of fueron 
recibidas. To avoid such mistakes, remember, 
that whenever any verb can be preceded by the 
verbs To have or to be, in English, whether 
expressed or understood, such verb must always 
be the passive participle both in English and 
Spanish. 

On Negatives. 

58. For every negative in English there may be 
two negatives in Spanish, except the word not, 
which has only no. One of these negatives must 
be no. This no is placed before the verb, and 
the other negative, whatever it be, after the verb; 
as, no digo nada, I say nothing. 

The negatives are 

Not, No. 

Nothing, No . . . nada. 

Nowhere, No . . .en ninguna parte 

Nobody, No . . . ninguno, or nadie 

Never, No . . . nunca, or jamas. 

Not by any means, or) No . . . de ningun, modo, 

by no means, J or de ninguna manera. 

Only, No . . . sino. 

Neither, nor, Ni . . . ni. 

Nothing, but, Nada . . . sino. 

&c. &c. 



40 NEGATIVES. 

59. The word No may be omitted altogether, 
by placing the other negative before the verb; as, 
No hago nada, or Nada hago, I do nothing; No 
estd ninguno, or Ninguno estd, there is no one. 

On the four modes of conjugating Verbs. 

60. We may speak of an action four different 
ways; 

First. Asserting it ; as I read or do read. 

Secondly. Denying it; as I do not read. 

Thirdly. Inquiring about it; as do I read? 

Fourthy. Inquiring about it with a negative ; as 
do I not read ? 

In Spanish the words are differently arranged, 
according to these modifications, as seen below. 

I love, Yo amo. 

I do not love, Yo no amo. 

Do I love ? Amo yo ? 

Do I not love ? No amo yo ? 

And so for all the other persons and tenses ; from 
which it appears, that when there is a negation in 
the verb, the Spaniards place the negative no (not) 
before, whilst the English place it after, the verb. 
So in the compound tenses, 

I have loved, Yo he amado. 

I have not loved, Yo no he amado ? 

Have I loved ? He yo amado ? 

Have I not loved? No he yo amado? 

When there is a pronoun. 

Yo le amo — yo no le amo. Le amo yo ? No 
le amo yo ? Yo le he amado, Yo no le he amado. 
Le he yo amado ? No le he yo amado ? 

N.B. — The personal pronouns I, thou, he, &c, 
may be omitted altogether. — See No. 79. 



VERBS IN GAR, ETC. 41 

61. — Remarks on Verbs terminating in 

Gar, ger, and gir; 
Car, cer, and cir. 

By attending to the following rules it will save 
you much trouble in learning off irregular verbs, 
which is, almost always, a mechanical process. 

First. Verbs in gar require u after the g, when- 
ever the g would otherwise be followed by e or i ; 
as, 

Cargo, Cargas, fyc. 

Cargaba, Cargabas, fyc. 

Cargue, Cargaste, fyc. 

62. Second. Verbs in ger and gir change the 
g into j, whenever the g would otherwise be fol- 
lowed by o, a, or, u ; as, in Proteger, To protect. 

Protejo, proteges, protege. 
Protegia, protegias, &c. 
Protegi, &c. 

63. Third. Verbs in car change the c into qu, 
whenever the c would otherwise be followed by e 
or i ; as, in Marcar, To mark. 

Marco, marcas, &c. 
Marcaba, marcabas, &c. 
Marque, marcaste, &c. 

64. Fourth. Verbs in cer and cir require £ 
before c, whenever the c is followed by o, a, or u; 
as, in Lucir, 

Luzco, luces, &c. 
Lucia, lucias, &c. 
Luzca, luzcas, &c. 



e2 



42 



PRONOUNS. 

The following arrangement of the Pronouns is 
somewhat different from the usual plan. The 
learner will find that it is both easier and more 
advantageous to him, to learn them in the following 
order, than to begin with Personal Pronouns, as is 
usual. 

65. — Possessive Pronouns. 



My, 

Thy, 

His, her, or its, 

Our, 

Your, 

Their, 

66. These possessive pronouns are placed as in 
English, before the noun, consequently they must 
always be accompanied by a noun. 

67. Observe, however, that they must agree in 
number and gender ; not as in English, with the 
possessor, but with the object possessed : they are 
treated as adjectives. 

My son, Mi hijo ; My sons, Mis hijos. 

Our father, Nuestro padre ; Our fathers, Nuestros padres. 
Our mother, Nuestra madre; Our mothers, Nucstras madres. 
Her brother, Su hermano ; Her brothers, Sus hermanos . 

68.— 

,,. m. (Mo, , Mios. 
mne > f. iMia,* 1 ' Mias. 

«"■*?■ j 55; * tSZ 

His,hers,m. 5 Suyo, , Svyos. 
or its, f. \ Suya, ^ ' Say as. 



Mas. 

Mi, 


Fern. 

Mi, 


Mis. 


Tu, 


Tu, 


Tus. 


Su, 


Su, 


Sus. 


Nuestro, 


Nuestra, 


Nuestros, Nuestras. 


Vuestro, 


Vuestra, 


Vuestros, Vuestras. 


Su, 


Su, 


Sus. 



Nuestros 
Nuestras 



~ M m . C Nuestro, , 

Ours, /. ^ at . pi 

' f. ( Nuestra, r 

v m. 5 Vuestro, 1 Vuestros 

Yours, f ^ Vuestra^' Vuestras 



DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 43 

69. These are never followed by a noun, but 
refer to one previously mentioned ; except, how- 
ever, in calling upon or invoking : 

" Oh my father !" / padre mio ! 

" Oh my children !" / hijos mios ! 

70. The rule given above as to number and 
gender applies also to these pronouns. — (See No. 
67.) 

71. The above pronouns are often preceded by 
the article 

"Whose book is this? Mine, i Cuyo libro es este ? mio or 
el mio. 

"Whose house is that ? His. i Cuya casa es aquella ? 
Suya, or la suya. 

72. When speaking of any part of the body, 
instead of using my, thy, his, our, your, or their, 
place the words to me, to thee, to him, to us, to you, 
to them, (me, te, le, la, nos, os, les,) before the 
verb expressing the action done to the body, and 
the article before the object acted upon. Ex. : 
They cut off his head : Le cortaron la caboza ; 
i. e., They cut off to him, the head. 

We will tie your hands. Os ataremos las manos, i. e., "We 
will tie to you the hands. 

73. The word ivhose, is rendered by cuyo, 
cuyos, cuya, cuyas, according to the number and 
gender of the object possessed. — (See Nos. 96 and 
102.) 

74. — Demonstrative Pronouns. 

m- m. [Este, , Estos. 

T , m. f Ese, or Aquel, , Esos, or Aquellos. 
' f. \ Esa, or Aquella, ^ ' Esas, or Aquellas, 



44 PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

75. The pronouns este, est a, &c, are used to 
point out objects, nearest to the speaker ; ese, esa, 
&c, for objects more remote from the speaker; 
aquely aquella, &c, for objects still more remote 
from the speaker. 

EXAMPLES. 

This lady is very handsome ; yet that (one) is handsomer, 
but that (one) whom we saw the other day is the handsomest 
of all 

Esta senora es muy bonita, esa, es mas bonita ; pero aquella 
que vimos el otro dia es la mas bonita de todas. 

These generals are very brave, but they are inferior to those 
great heroes of Greece and Rome, who existed in those days 
of glory and patriotism, so superior to these times of venality 
and corruption. 

Estos generates, son muy valientes, pero (ellos) son inferior es 
a aquellos grandes heroes de Grecia y de Roma, que florecieron 
en aquellos dias de gloria y patriotismo, tan superiores a estos 
tiempos de venalidad y corrupcion. 

N. B. — Let the learner make himself acquainted 
with the relative pronouns, from No. 92 to No. 106, 
before he learns the personal pronouns, No. 76 to 
No. 91. 



76. — Personal Pronouns. 



These are the sub- 
jects, agents, (or 
nominative case of 
the Latin.) 



Mas. Fern. 

I, Yo, We, Nosotros, Nosotras. 

Thou, Tu, You, Vosotros, Vosotras. 

He, El y They, Ellos, Ellas, 
She, Ella. 

77.— 

Me, Me, Us, Nos. "\ These represent the 

Thee, Te, You, Os. I objects, patients, (or 

Him, Xo orZe,"1 rpi f Los or Les.T accusative and dative 
Her, LaoxLe,} m, \Las or Les.J cases of the Latin.) 



PERSONAL PRONOUNS, 45 

78. When a preposition or conjunction precede 
the words, me, thee, him, her, us, you, or them, 

Me is changed into Mi, as, De mi, Of me. 

Te i» Ti, ii A ti, To thee. 

Lo or Le n El, 11 P«ra eZ, For him. 

La or Le 11 jEZZa, n £m eZZa, Without her. 

f Nosotros,m. n Con nosotros, With us. 

A r os ii < XT *• $ Despuesde kC . 

) Nosotras, i. < l . After us. 

(_ £ nosotras, 

Os ii C Vosotros, m. w En vosotros, In you. 

£ Vosotras, f. n £o&re vosotras, Upon you. 

ios or Zes 11 Ellos, u Por eZZos, By them. 

Xas or jLes n Ellas, n ^4w£e eZ/as, Before them. 

79. The personal pronouns «/o, £w, e/, tf/fo, 
nosotros, vosotros, ellos, ellas, are generally omitted 
before the verb, as the inflexion of the latter shows 
sufficiently the person. 

80. Yet, when you wish particularly to call the 
attention to the person engaged in doing such or 
such action, you must use them as — 

I write, Escribo ; 
He reads, Lee ; 
I read and He writes, Yo leo y 61 escribe. 

81. The pronouns me, te } le, lo, la, nos, os, 
los, las, les are placed before the verb, and not 
after it, as in English. 

(T) tell thee, Te digo. 

(He) calls me, Me llama. 

(She) hears us, Nos escucha ; 

82. Except after the imperative, infinitive, and 
present participle; for then they rejoined to the 
verb, forming but one word with it: 

Loving them, Amandolos, 

Tell him, Bile. 

To love them, Amarlos. 

83. The words le and les are used as the 
Latins do the dative case ; namely, when you can 



46 PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 

render the words him, her, or them, into to him, 
to her, or to them ; as, 

I will tell them this, (to them,) Les dire esto. 
Giving him, (to him,) Dandole. 

84. The words with me,are rendered by Conmigo 

11 with thee, " Contigo. 

{with him, her, 1 
himself, herself, >- by Consigo. 
itself, oneself, J 

85. When there are two objects to the verb, 
the one direct, the other indirect, and both in the 
third person, they are rendered by selo, sela, selos, 
selas : 

Him, } . , . f selo. 
Her, f . ,, 9 J sela. 
T t f to them > 1 celos 

llj V f V» / oclUo. 

Them, ) 3 C selas. 

I cannot tell it to him, No puedo decirselo. 

You must send them to them, Vd. debe mandar selos. 

86. The words himself, herself, itself, oneself, 
themselves, one another, each other, are rendered 
by se. 

87. When this word (se) is preceded by a prepo- 
sition or conjunction, se is changed into si: 

Of himself, herself, itself themselves, De si. 
To oneself, themselves, A si. 

88. When the conjunction with precedes any 
of these words, it is changed into sigo ; as, 

With himself, with herself, with itself, &c, Consigo. 

89. The words, 7, thou, he, we, she, you, they, 
me, thee, him, her, us, you, them, 8fc., are often 
followed by self'm English. This word is rendered 



PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 47 

in Spanish, by mismo, misma, mismos, mismas, 
according to number and gender ; as, 

I myself, Yo mismo, or Yo, misma. 

Thou thyself, Tu mismo, or Tu misma. 

He himself, El mismo, 7,™ f1 } SEllos mismos. 

She herself, Ella misma, $ l hey tliemseives ' I Ellas mismas. 

He gave it to myself; Me lo did a mi mismo. 

He speaks of himself; Jriabla de si mismo. 

90. There is no word in Spanish for the word 
it, when it refers to a noun, because every noun 
being masculine or feminine, (that is, a male or 
female,) in speaking of it we must treat it accord- 
ingly- 

Where is the book ? i Donde esta el libro ? 

It (he) is in the room ; (El) esta en el cuarto. 

Give it (him) to me; Demelo Vd. 

Go to church ; Vaya Vd. a la iglesia. 

It (she) is shut; (Ella) esta cerrada. 

91. But, when the word it refers to a circum- 
stance, it is rendered by ello, or lo. 

By ello, when the subject of the discourse or 
conversation ; by lo, when the object. 

What do you say of it ? i Que dice Vd. de ello ? 

I do not understand it ; No lo entiendo. 

Do you believe it ? i Lo cree Vd. ? 

These fifteen rules, laid down, as you will per- 
ceive on comparison, in a manner totally different 
from that observed in any other grammar, will give 
you more thorough knowledge, and a more correct 
view of the subject, than the twenty-nine rules, 
with seventeen exceptions, given in one of the best 
Spanish grammars in existence ; and which are 
not only addressed exclusively to the memory, but 
so imperfect, partial, and mechanical, that it is 
impossible to understand them, or to apply them 
to practice. 



48 RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 



Relative Pronouns. 



These are in English, who, whom, which, that, 
what, whose, he who, she who, they who, those who. 

Sing. PI. 

92. Who, ) n . 

Whom, J Q> men > 9 menes - 

93. Which, El cual, los cuales, la cual, las 
cuales. 

94. That, Que. 

95. What, Lo que. 

96. Whose, Cuyo, cut/a, cuyos, cuyas. 

97. He who, El que. They who, f Los que. 
She who, La que. Those who, \ Las que. 

98. Quien and quienes are used when speaking 
of persons. 

99. El cual, la cual, &c, of both persons and 
things. 

100. Que, of both persons and things. 

101. Lo que, of a circumstance only, and is 
equivalent to " that which." (French, " ce que" 
Latin, " quod") 

102. Cuyo, cuya, &c, agree with the noun 
which follows it (the object possessed) in number 
and gender. 

103. El que, &c, likewise agree as No. 102. 

1 (the pronoun,) but El que, 
Never say, El que, >- (the article,) the noun being 
J understood, 
n Ella que, but la que. 

«» Ellos ) „ los ) 

Ellas l^ 6 ' las.h ue ' 

104. The words quien, quienes, el cual, &c, 
may be substituted by que ; as who, whom, which, 
are substituted by that \f\ English. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 49 

105. The pronouns quien, quienes, cual, &c, 
cuyo and que, are also used interrogatively. 

106. The relatives ivhich, who, and whom, 
though omitted in English, must always be ex- 
pressed in Spanish. 

The things (which) I have ; Las cosas que tengo. 

The letters (which) I have Las cartas que recebi, con- 

received, contain the news * tienen las noticias de que 

(which) they speak of; se habla. 

(Of the Indefinite Pronouns will be treated 
hereafter.) 

Irregular Verbs. 

107. Irregular verbs are such verbs as deviate 
in their conjugations from the rules given above, 
No. 36 and seq. 

Such are, in a certain sense, those given, No. 
61 : a list of them will be found under No. 215. 

108. Let the learner now begin to make himself 
acquainted with the following few irregular verbs, 
like which, all the others in the Spanish language 
are conjugated; writing two, three, or more at a 
time from the list of verbs that are conjugated like 
them, No. 215. (The irregularities are marked 
in italics.) 

Observe. — The same irregularities that occur 
in the Present of the Indicative, will generally be 
found in the Present of the Subjunctive ; and those 
of the Preterite of the Indicative will generally be 
found in the Imperfect and Future of the Sub- 
junctive. 

In all verbs, whether regular or irregular, the 
Conditional will always follow the Future of the 
Indicative. 



50 IRREGULAR VERBS. 

EXAMPLES, 

Caer, To fall. 

Present of the Indicative. Present of the Subjunctive. 

Caygo, Cayga. 

Poder s To be able. 

Preterite. Imperfect of the Subjunctive. 

Pude, Pudiera or Pudiese. 

Future. 
Pudiere. 

Hacer, To do or make. 

Future of the Indicative. Conditional. 

Hare, Haria . 



109. Irregular Verbs. 

1st Conjugation. — Acertar, To hit the mark. 

Acierto, as, a, acertamos, acertais, aciertan. 
Acertaba, &c. ; Acerte, &c. ; Acertare, &c. ; Acer- 

taria, &c. 
Acierte, es, e, acertemos, acerteis, ac^rten. 
Acertara, &c. ; Acertase, &c. ; Acertare, &c. 
Acierta, acertad. 
Acertando, acertado. 

II. 

Acordar, (se) To remember. 

Me zcuerdo, Te acuerdas, Se acw^rda, Nos acor- 
damos, Os acordais, Se acuerdan. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 51 

Me acordaba, &c. ; Acorde, &c. ; Acordare, &c. ; 
Acordaria. 

Me acuevde, Te acwerdes, Se ac&erde, Nos acor- 
demos, Os acordeis, se acuerden. 

Me acordara, &c. ; Me acordase, &c. ; Me acor- 
dare, &c. 

Acwerdate, acordaos. 

Acordandose, acordado. 



III. 

Andar, To go along. 

Ando, &c. ; Andaba, &c. 

Andwe, anduviste, anduvo, andwimos, an&uvis- 

teis, anduvieron. 
Andare, &c. ; Andaria, &c. 
Ande, &c. 

Anduviera, &c. ; Anduviese, &c. 
Anduviere, anduvieres, &c. 
Anda, andad. 
Andando, andado. 

IV. 

Dar, To give. 

T>oi/, das, da, damos, dais, dan ; Daba, &c. 

Di, d\ste 9 did, dimos, dwteis, dsVron ; Dare, &c. ; 

Daria, &c. 
De, des, de, demos, deis, den. 
T)iera, dieras, &c. ; T>iese 9 dieses, &c. ; Diere, 

dieves, &c. 
Da, dad, 
Dando, dado. 



52 IRREGULAR VERBS. 

V. 

Volar, To fly. 
Vuelo, Yiielas, vuela, volamos, volais, \ue\a.n. 
Volaba, &c. ; Vole, &c. ; Volare, &c. ; Volaria, &c* 
\ue\e, \ue\es, \uele volemos, voleis \ue\en. 
Volara, &c. ; Volase, &c. ; Volare. 
Vuela., volad. 
Volando, volado. 

Second Conjugation. 

VI. 

Absolver. 

Abs^elvo, es, es, absolvemos, absolveis, abswelven. 
Absolvia, &c. ; Absolvi, &c. ; Absolvere, &c. ; 

Absolveria, &c. 
Absuelva, as, a, absolvamos, absolvais, abs&^lvan, 
Absolviera, &c. ; Absolviese, &c. ; Absolviere, &c. 
Absuelve, absolved. 
Absolviendo, absuelto. 

VII. 

Caber, To be able to be contained in. 

Quepo, cabes, cabe, &c. ; Cabia, &c. 
Cupe, cupiste, cupo, cupimos, cupisteis, cupieron. 
Cabre, &c. ; Cabria, &c. 

Quepa 9 quepas 9 quepa, quepamos, quepais, quep&n* 
Cupievsi, cupievsis, &c. ; Cupiese, cupieses 3 &c. ; 
Cupiere, c^ieres, &c. 

No Imperative. 
Cabiendo, cabido.* 

*Tanto vino no cabe en la botella; so much wine cannot 
be contained in the bottle. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 53 

VIII. 

Caer, To fall. 

Caygo, caes, cae, &c. ; Caia, &c. 

Cai, caiste, cat/6, caimos, caisteis, cayevon. 

Caere, &c. ; Caeria, &c. 

Caz/ga, ca^g-as, cayga, caygamos, Calais, caz/g-an. 

Cayeva., &c. ; Cayese, &c. ; Cayere, &c. 

Cae, caed. 

Cayendo, caido. 

IX. 

Cocer, To bake. 

Cuezo, cueces, cuece, cocemos, coceis, cwecen. 
Cocia, &c. ; Coci, &c. ; Cocere, &c. ; Coceria, &c. 
Cueza, cuezas, cueza, cosramos, cosais, cue#an. 
Cociera, &c. ; Cociese, &c. ; Cociere, &c. 
Cuece, coced. 
Cociendo, cocido. 

X. 
Entender, To understand. 

Entiendo, entiendes, entoVnde, entendemos, enten- 

deis, entzVnden. 
Entendia, $c. ; Entendi, $c. ; Entendere, $c. ; 

Entenderia, $c. 
Entienda, entiendas, entienda, entendamos, enten- 

dais, entaVndan. 
Entendiera, $c. ; Entendiese, $c. ; Entendiere, 

&c. 
Enteende, entended. 
Entendiendo, entendido. 

f2 



54 IRREGULAR VERBS. 

XL 

Hacer, To do or make, 

Mago, haces, hace, hacemos, haceis, hacen. 
Hacia, $c. 

Hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicisteis, hicieron. 
Hare, haras, h&ra, $c. ; Haria, harms, SfC. 
Haga, Hagas, $c» ; Hiciera, $c. ; Hiciese, $c. i 

Hiciere, ^c. 
Ha#, haced. 
Haciendo, hecho, 

XII. 

Placer, To be pleasing, or to please. 

Only used in the third person singular. 

Place, placia, pkgo, placera, placeria. 
Plegue, iplugiese, pkgiera, yAugieve.* 

XIII. 

Poner, to put or place. 

Pongo, pones, pone, ponemos, poneis, ponen ; 

Ponia, &c. 
Vuse, pzmste, puso, pe/simos, pe^isteis, pwsieron. 
Pondre, ponc/ras, &c. ; Pondria, ponrfrias, &c. 
Yonga, po^gas, &c. 
Yxxsiera, p&^Vras, &c. ; Pusiese, &c. ; Vusiere, 

pusieres, &c. 
Pon, poned. 
Poniendo, ipuesto. 

* Plegue a Dios. Please God. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 55 

XIV. 

Poder, To be able. (Latin, possum.) 

Puedo, (I am able, or I can,) pw^des, pwede, pode- 

mos, podeis, pueden. 
Podia, (I was able, or I could,) podias, &c. 
Pude, (I was able, or I could,) pudiste, pudo, 

podimos, podisteis, pudieron. 
Podre, (I shall be able,) podras, podra, podremos, 

podreis, podran. 
Podria, (I should or would be able, or I could,) 

podrias, &c. 
Ptieda, (I may be able,) pwedas, p&eda, podamos, 

podais, puedan. 

9 { (I might be able,) pudieras, or pudi- 

x> i- f ses, &c. 
Pwdiese, J * 

Ps^diere, (when I shall be able,) pudieres, &c. 

No Imperative. 
Pudiendo, (being able,) podido, (been able.) 

XV. 

Querer, To will, or be willing, To love, To like. 

Qwero, quaeres, quiere, queremos, quereis, qmeren. 
Queria, &c. 

Quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisisteis,quisieron. 
Querre, querras, &c. ; Querria, querrias, $c. 
Quiera, qwieras, quiera, queramos, querais, quieran. 
Quisiera, qumeras, $c. ; Qumese, $c. ; Quisiere. 

No Imperative. 

Quiriendo, querido. 



56 IRREGULAR VERBS. 

XVI. 

Saber > To know, To be aware of. 

/S^sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabeis, saben; Sabia, $c. 
Supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supisteis, supieron. 
Sabre, sabras, $*c. ; Sabria, sabrias, $c. 
Sepa, sepas, $c. ; S^iera, $c. ; Supiese, $c. ; 

Supiere, $c. 
Sabe, sabed; Sabiendo, sabido. 

XVII. 

Traer, To bring. 
Tra«/go, traes, trae, traemos, traeis traen ; Traia, 

Traje, trajhte, tvajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajeron* 
Traere, $c. ; Traeria, $c. 

Traiga, traigas, traiga, trasgamos, traigais, traigan. 
Tra/Vra, $c. ; Trajese, $c. ; Tvajere, $c. ; Trae, 

traed. 
Trayewdo, traido. 

XVIII. 

Valer, To be worth. 

Vakfo, vales, vale, valemos, $ c. ; Valia, &c. ; 

Vali, $c. 
Valc?re, $*c. ; Valeria, $*c. ; Valga, \a\gas } &c. ; 

Valiera, $c. 
Valiese, $c. ; Valiere, $c. ; Vale, valed ; Valiendo, 

valido. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 57 

XIX. 

Ver, To see. 

Veo, ves, ve, vemos, veis, ven; Veia, $c. 

Vi, viste, vio, vimos, visteis, vieron ; Vere, $c ; 

Veria, fyc. 
Vea, Veas, $c. ; Viera, $c. ; Viese, $c. ; Viere, 

$c. ; Ve, ved. 
Viendo, \isto. 

Third Conjugation. 

XX. 

Herir, To wound. 

Hiero, hiereSy hieve, herimos, heris, hieven. 
Heria, $c. ; Heri, heriste, hirio, herimos, heris- 

teis, herieron. 
Herire, &c; Heriria, &c. 
Heera, hieras, &c. ; Hiriera, &c. ; Hiriese, &c. ; 

Heriere, &c. 
Hiere, herid. 
Hmendo, herido. 

XXL 

Asir, To seize, or lay hold of. 

Asgo, ases, ase, asimos, asis, asen ; Asia, &c. ; Asi. 

&c. 
Asire, &c. ; Asiria, &c. ; Asga, &c. ; Asiera, &c. ; 

Asiese, &c. ; Asiere, &c. 
Ase, asid; Asiendo, asido. 



58 IRREGULAR VERBS. 

XXII. 

Bendecir, To bless. 

BendigOj bendices, bendice, bendecimos, bendecis, 

bencUcen. 
Bendecia, &c. ; Bendije, &c. ; Bendecire, &c. ; 

Bendeciria, &c. 
Bend^a, &c. ; Bendijera, &c. ; Bendijese, &c. ; 

Bendijere, &c. 
Bendice, bendecid; Bendiciendo, bendito.* 

XXIII. 

Concluir, To conclude. 

Concluyo, concludes, conclude, concluimos, con- 

cluis, concluyen. 
Concluia, &c. ; Conclui, concluiste, concluyo, con- 

cluimos, concluisteis, concluyeron. 
Concluire, &c. ; Concluiria, &c. ; Concluya, &c. ; 

Conclu^era, &c. ; Concluyese, &c. 
Concluyere, &c. 
Conclude, concluid ; Concluyendo, concluido. 

XXIV. 

Decir, To say. 

T>igo 9 dices, dice, decimos, decis, d£cen ; Decia, 

&c. 
Dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimors, dj/isteis, di/eron ; 

Dire, &c. ; Diria, &c. 
Diga, &c. ; Dijera, Dijese, &c. ; Dijere, &c. 
Di, decid, diciendo, dicho. 

* See remarks on the regular and irregular passive partici- 
ples, No. 165. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 59 

XXV. 

Dormir, To sleep. 

Dwmno, d&ermes, ch/erme, dormimos, dormis, 

dz/^rmen; Dormia, &c. 
Dormi, dormiste, dwrmio, dorminos, dormisteis, 

dwrmieron. 
Dormire, &c. ; Dormiria, &c. ; D&erma, d^^rmas, 

dwerma, dwrmamos, dz^rmais, dz^rman. 
Dwrmiera, &c. ; Dwrmiese, &c. ; Durmiere, &c. 
Dwerme, dormid; Dwrmiendo, dormido. 

XXVI. 

Erguir, To raise. 

Hiergo, hiergues, hiergue, erguimos, erguis, hier- 

guen. 
Erguia, &c. ; Ergui, erguiste, irguio, erguimos, 

erguisteis, irguieron. 
Erguire, &c. ; Erguiria, &c. 

Hierga, hiergas, hierga, Azrgamos, hirgais, hierg&n. 
Hirguiera, &c. ; jHirguiese, &c. ; Hirguiere, &c. 
Hiergue, erguid ; Erguiendo, erguido. 

XXVII. 

Ir , To go. 

Voy 9 vas, va, vamos, vais, van; Iba, &c. 
Fui,fuiste 9 fne,fuimos,fuisteis,fueron; Ire, &c. ; 

Iria, &c. 
Vaya, &c. ; Fuera, Sec. ; Fuese, &c. ; Ve, id ; 

Yendo, ido. 



60 IRREGULAR VERBS. 

XXVIII. 

Oir, To hear. 

Oygo, oyes, oye, oimos, ois, oz/en ; Oia, &c. 

Oi, oiste, 0^6, oimos, oisteis, oyevon. 

Oire, &e. ; Oiria, &c. 

Oiga, oigas, &c. ; Oz/era, &c. ; Oyese, &c. ; 

Oyere, &c. 
Oye, oid ; Oyendo, oido. 

XXIX. 

Pedir, To ask, to request. 

Pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedis piden ; Pedia, 

&c. 
Pedi, pediste, pz'dio, pedimos, pedisteis, pidieron. 
Pedire, &c. ; Pediria, &c. ; Pida, &c. ; Pidiera, 

&c. ; Pidiese, &c. ; Pzdiere, &c. 
Pide, pedid ; Pidiendo, pedido. 

Podrir, To rot. 

P&dro, pwdres, pz^dre, podiimos, podris, pwdren ; 

Podria, &c. 
Podri, podriste, p?/drio, podrimos, podris teis, 

pudrieron, podrire, &c. ; Podriria, &c. 
Pwdra, p&dras, &c. : Pwdriera, &c. ; Pwdriese, 

&c. ; Pz^driere, &c. 
Padre, podrid ; Pwdriendo, podrido. 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 6l 

XXXI. 

Salir, To go out, To turn out, To issue forth. 

Salgo, sales, sale, salimos, salis, salen. 

Salia, &c. 

Sali, &c. 

SaWre, salcfras, &c. ; Salrfria, &c. ; Saiga, &c. ; 

Saliera, &c. ; Saliese, &c. 
Saliere, &c. ; Sal, salid ; Saliendo, salido. 

XXXII. 

Venir, To come. 

Vengo, vienes, veene, venimos, venis, vienen. 
Venia, &c. ; Yine* veniste, vino, venimos, venis- 

teis, vznieron. 
Venrfre, &c. ; Venrfria, &c. ; Venga, vengas, &c. ; 

Viniera, &c. 
Vmiese, viniere ; Ven, venid, viniendo, venido. 

110. It will be seen from the following list, that, 
Firstly, there are no other verbs conjugated like 

Andar, Erguir. 

Dar, Saber, Ir. 
Caber, A sir. 

Secondly, that there are none conjugated like 
the following, excepV their compounds : — 

Traer, as Detraer, Abstraher, &c. 

Poner, " Componer, Deponer, &c. 

Ver, " Prefer, Antever, &c. 

Venir, " Coxwenir, Disconvewz'r, &c. 

Decir, n Desdecir, Fredecir. 

flacer, n Deshacer, Contra.hacer. 

Herir, " Adherir 



62 IRREGULAR VERBS, 



Querer, 


as l&equerer. 


Placer, 


" Deplacer, 


Oir, 


" Reoir. 


Valer, 


» Dis^afer. 


Caer, 


" Recaer. 


Salir, 


" Res#foV. 



Decker. 



Bendecir, " Malefecir. 



Therefore, verbs begining with any of the fol- 
lowing prepositions have not been inserted in the 
list ; namely, Ab, abs, a, ad, ante ; Com, con, con- 
tra ; De, des, di, dis ; Em, en, es ; Im, in ; Ob ; 
Per, pre, pro ; Re, retro ; Sobre, sos, so, sui, sub, 
subs ; Tra, trans, tras. 

So that, Thirdly, the only verbs like which a 
number of other verbs are conjugated, are the 
following : — 

Acertar, Pedir, Cocer. 

Entender, Dormir. 
Acordar, Absolver. 

If, then, you wish to know how any verbs are 
conjugated, beginning w r ith any one of these prepo- 
sitions, look for the verb itself. 



EXAMPLE. 




For Abstener, see 


Tener. 


n ^venir, n 


Venir. 


H Cofttraher, » 


Traher. 


H ContraiponeYy m 


Poner. 


ii Desdecir, n 


Decir. 


ii l?#poner, » 


Poner. 


\i Pr^venir, n 


Venir, &c. 



63 



On the use of the different Modes and 

Tenses. 

Indicative Mode (or Mood.) 
1. — Present time (or tense.) 

111. The English say, "I do," " I do do," or 
"I am doing:" for instance, I read, I do read, or, 
/ am reading. The Spaniards can only say, / do, 
or I am doing; as, I read, or, I am reading. 

I believe it; Lo creo. 

I do not believe it ; No lo creo. 

I am listening ; Estoy escuchando. 

2.— Imperfect and Preterite. 

112. The English say, "I did," "I did do,"or, 
" I was doing." The Spaniards can only say, / 
did, or, was doing. 

I loved him tenderly; Le ame tiernamente. 

He came everyday; Tenia todos los dias. 

I did not understand you ; No le entendi a Td. 

I was writing ; Estaba escribiendo. 

113. Question. As there are, then, two modes 
of expressing a time past in Spanish, when am I 
to use the Imperfect, when the Preterite ? 

Answer. Whenever for the word did you can 
substitute in English the words " usually did, 99 
always did, generally did, was doing, used to do, 
or, was engaged in doing, was in the habit of 
doing, without making bad sense in English, use 
the Imperfect in Spanish ; if not, use the Preterite. 



64 ON THE USE OF THE 



EXAMPLES. 

114. He came every Saturday to my house last summer, and 
returned to town two days afterwards. Whilst he was with 
me, we occupied ourselves various ways. We read; we 
played; we talked. Yesterday he came but did not find me 
at home. He waited an hour ; I then came in. He took me 
by the hand and communicated to me an affair of importance. 
We dined together ; smoked a couple of segars ; played a game 
of chess ; afterwards he took leave of me and returned to town. 

Let the learner point out to his teacher whether 
the verbs in Italics ought to be in Spanish in the 
Imperfect or Preterite. In order to enable him to 
do so with certainty, let him ask himself the fol- 
lowing questions : 

1 15. Can I say — Last summer he used to come ? 
Was in the habit of coming ? Used to return to 
town? Whilst he was engaged in staying with 
me? We used to occupy ourselves? We used 
to read? We generally played? Sometimes 
tallied? Always dined together? Yes, I can; 
then I must put these verbs in the Imperfect. 

Can I say — Yesterday he used to come ? He 
did not generally find me at home ? Yesterday 
he used to wait for an hour ? Yesterday / always 
came in ? Yesterday he was occupied in taking 
me by the hand, and always communicated to me 
an affair ? Yesterday we usually dined together ? 
Yesterday we always smoked, &c. ? No, I cannot; 
it would be nonsense ; then to put these verbs 
in the Preterite. 

116. Observe, that if you really wish to use the 
terms, " I used to do," "he used to do," you may 
render this verb by soler. — (See Irregular Verbs, 
No. 6.) 

He used to come ; Solia venir. 

We used to dine together; Soliamos comer juntos. 



MODES AND TENSES. 65 

3.— The Future 

117. Is designated in English by the auxiliary 
verbs shall or will, and is used in Spanish as in 
English. 

I shall see that urn ; Vere aquella uma. 

Thou wilt deign to be! ^. , 7 7 

, . A u r Diqnaras de ser su madre. 

his mother; J J 

4. — Conditional Mood 

118. Is rendered in English by the auxiliary 
verbs should or would; {could has nothing to do 
with it, though most absurdly mixed up with 
should, would, may, and might, in the best Eng- 
lish grammar:) could is the past of can, and is 
rendered by Poder. — (See Irregular Verbs, No. 
XIV.) 

This mode is used to express that we positively 
would do or would have done an action, if other 
circumstances permitted us to do or to have done 
so : hence the performance depends on a condi- 
tion. 

Thou wouldst lose that sweet Perderias aquella dulce paz> 
peace if thou deliveredst si te entregaras al vicio. 

thyself up to vice. 

The conditional should or tvould is always ren- 
dered by the termination via in all verbs, whether 
regular or irregular. 

119. Observe, that whenever, as in English, the 
verb To be is followed by the present participle, it 
is to be rendered by Estar, and never by Ser. 

I am reading ; he was writing. Estoy leyendo, el estaba escri- 

biendo. 

g2 



66 ON THE USE OF THE 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Present time 

120. Is formed in English with the auxiliary 
verbs may or let, or the conjunction u that," either 
expressed or understood/* coming before the verb. 

EXAMPLES. 

He may come in, or let him Entre, or que entre. 

come in. 

121. The Subjunctive Mood is always used after 
a verb expressing permission, hope, desire, wish, 
or command, followed by que; that is "(in order J 
that." 

;0 amistad! no permitas que el Oh, friendship! mayst thou 
engano se vista tu librea con not permit, that deception 
que destruye a la intention put on that livery with which 
sincera, — Don Quixote. it destroys sincere intention. 

(Literally translated, mayst 
thou not permit) 

That is, / wish, I hope, I desire, that thou do 
not permit, &c. ; not will, not desire, &c. ; that 
deceit dress herself, &c. 

Imperfect. 

122. The Imperfect of the Subjunctive has two 
terminations, ra and se ; as amara and amase ; 
bebiera and bebiese. Each has its distinct use. 

123. The termination ra is used to express the 
circumstance on which the performance of another 
action depends ; as 

Sinofuerapor el, yo lo habria Had it not been for him I 
kecho. would have done it. 

* Whether the conjunction (que) be expressed or not in 
English, it must be expressed in Spanish. 



MODES AND TENSES. 67 

The termination se expresses uncertainty or 
doubt. 

Por poco que hubiese tardado, Had he delayed ever so little, 
Tulio habria ido a buscar- Tullus would have gone in 
los. quest of them. 

124. From the preceding example, it appears 
that should is sometimes, and, indeed, often ren- 
dered by that termination in Spanish, and vice 
versa; the sense or meaning is, therefore, to be 
consulted, and the Imperfect of the Subjunctive is 
never to be confounded with the Conditional, as is 
generally and most absurdly done in nearly all the 
grammars of the Spanish language. 

125. — The Future Subjunctive. 

As the Future Indicative is used to express that 
an action will positively be performed, so the 
Future of the Subjunctive implies that, though an 
action will be done, the time is uncertain, and that 
another action will depend on it. 

Por cierto vendra y cuando He will surely come; (fut. 
viniere nos explicara todo. indie. ;) and when he shall 

come, (fut. sub.,)he will ex- 
plain (fut. indie.) every thing. 

126. — Imperative Mood. 

Strictly speaking there can be but one person 
(singular and plural) in the Imperative Mood; 
namely, the second, or he whom we address. If 
I say "let him come," I can only address myself to 
one or more individuals, though I am speaking of, 
or alluding to, a third person. The first person 



68 ON THE USE OF THE 

(plural, of course) and the third of the Imperative 
are always the same as the first and third person 
plural of the Subjunctive Mood, and used as such. 

Use of the Infinitive Mood. 

127. The difficulty in the use of the Infinitive 
Mood consists in knowing, first, when or when not 
to render, in Spanish, the English preposition to ; 
and secondly, in those cases in which it is to be 
rendered, how to render it, whether by de, a, por, 
pora 9 con, en, &c. ; for instance : 

To oppose oneself to anything ; Oponerse a algo. 

To appear to be so ; Parecer ser asi. 

To advise to do a thing; Aconsejar de hacer algo. 

To conform oneself to anything; Conformarse con algo. 

To be born to labor; Nacer para trabajar, &c. 

Of these will be treated under the head of 
the Prepositions ; at present it is only necessary to 
observe, that, 

128. Generally, whenever you can, for the Infin- 
itive in English, substitute the present participle, 
(in English likewise,) you may render to by de. 

He ceased to speak, or j ^^ de ^^ 
lie ceasea speaking, J 

129. That, whenever you can substitute for the 
word to the words "in order to," "for the purpose 
of" "with a view of" render to by por, or para. 
Directions for the choice in these two words are 
given below, No. 196, and seq. 



To be born to labor ; that is, 

in order to labor ; for the V Nacer para trabajar. 
purpose of laboring, &c. 



•} 



ENGLISH AUXILIARY VERRS. 69 

130. Whenever the verb is used as an abstract 
idea, the preposition is not rendered ; the test is, 
when you can render it by the present participle. 

To eat is indispensable, or eat- Comer (ox el comer) es indis- 
ing is indispensable. pensable. 

131. By referring to the list of Prepositions 
you will ascertain how the preposition to is to be 
rendered before an Infinitive; for, as this depends 
on the word which precedes that preposition in 
Spanish, all you have to do is, to know the mean- 
ing of the latter in Spanish. 

EXAMPLE. 

I am glad to see you. 

Look for the words To be glad, you will find 
Alegrarse ; look in the list for Alegrarse, you will 
find it followed by de. 

Me alegro de ver a Vd. 
He induces me to do it. 

To induce, Inducer, followed by «. 
Me induce a hacerlo. 



On the use of the English Auxiliary Verbs. 

132. The Spaniards have no auxiliary verbs 
except to have and to be; the English have many, 
which they use according to the time when, and 
circumstances under which, an action is stated to 
be performed; thus, Do is always used when speak- 
ing of a time present, Did of a time past, Shall or 



70 ON THE USE OF THE 

Will of a future period, and so with the rest. Con- 
sequently, when these auxiliary verbs are used 
before any verb, the tense in which they are so 
used must be rendered by a corresponding tense 
in Spanish. For instance, " I shall give." Shall 
being used when speaking of a future period, use 
the future tense of the verb to give (Dar) in 
Spanish, Dare. 

1.— Of Do and Did. 

133. Do, when merely the sign of the present, 
and Did, when of the past, are not rendered in 
Spanish ; as, 

I do understand you; Le entiendo a Vd. 

I do not understand you ; No le entiendo a Vd, 

I did see her ; La vi. 

I did not see her ; No la vi, 

134. But, when to do is used as a verb distinctly, 
it is rendered by Hacer. — (See Irregular Verbs, 
No. XL) 

He does nothing ; No hace nada. 

He did everything ; Lo hizo todo. 



2.— Shall and Will. 

135. Shall is always the sign of the future, 
and has no other use in Spanish ; but will is ren- 
dered by Querer, when it means to be willing, 
(Latin, volo.) 

I shall see that urn ; thou wilt La vere aquella urna ; dig- 
deign to be his mother ; you nards de ser su madre ; 
will abandon me : quereis abandonarme. 



ENGLISH AUXILIARY VERBS. 71 

136. — Should and Would 

Are both used in English as the sign of the Con- 
ditional Mood, and, when so, have no word in 
Spanish by which to render them ; their equivalent 
is always via. 

137. But should is often used in the sense of 
ought; it must then be rendered in Spanish by 
the verb Deber, or Haber de. 

We should love God, (or wel n > t\' 

1± , -. i~. j \ v > Debemos amar a Vios. 

ought to love Cxod ;) J 

138. And would is used as the past of will, or 
to be willing, (Latin, volo ;) it is then rendered by 
Querer. — (See Irregular Verbs, No. XV.) 

She would go to these games; Quiso ir a estos juegos. 



139.— May and Might. 

May, when used as the sign of the present tense 
of the Subjunctive Mood, and might as that of the 
same mood, are not rendered by any word in 
Spanish. 

He may come or not, I shall Que venya o no, yo no hablare 
not speak to him ; con SI. 

140. But may has other meanings of itself; 
namely, to permit; it is then rendered by permitir, 
or to have the power, by poder. 

We may go out ; we have ob- Nos es permitido, or, -pewniso 
tained leave to go out ; de salir. 

141. A possibility. 

It may rain ; I shall take my Puede Hove?' llevare mi para- 
umbrella ; yua. 



72 ON THE USE OF THE 

(See also the rules on the use of the Moods and 

Tenses.) 

142. Might has the same use with regard to 
the Imperfect, as may has with regard to the 
Present. 

The Verbs to be, and to have. 

Of the use of these verbs will be treated 
separately, hereafter. , 

143. The Auxiliary Verbs are often used in 
English elliptically ; in Spanish the word to which 
they are prefixed or refer, must be rendered. 

Do you see her? Yes I do iLavevd? Si la veo. 

(see her ; ) 
Shall you go this evening to i Ira vd. esta noche al teatro ? 

the theatre ? No, I shall JS/o senor no ire. 

not (go ; ) 

144. The Auxiliary Verbs are often separated 
from the Infinitive in English ; you must join them 
together before you can render them by a corre- 
sponding tense in Spanish ; as 

I shall, under no circum- De ningun modo permitire 
stances, permit this. esto. 

On the use of the Verbs Haber and Tener, (to have,) 
Ser and Estar, (to be,) and the Participle. 

145. In the Spanish language there are two 
wcJrds for the auxiliary verb To have, and two 
also for the auxiliary verb To be ; the question 
arises, when am I to use the one, when the other 
of these two words, to render these two verbs in 
Spanish. 



VERBS HABER AND TENER. 78 

As the proper use of these verbs (To have and 
To be) depends, in a great measure, on their con- 
nection with the participle, it will be necessary to 
say a few words on that part of speech. 

146. First, — The participle, as its name implies, 
partakes of the nature of the verb and of that of 
the adjective : of the nature of the verb as in the 
following sentence — u they have pursued their 
enemies:" of the nature of the adjective — "the 
enemies are pursued." 

In the former of these two sentences the parti- 
ciple expresses the nature of the action done ; in 
the latter, it expresses the state produced by the 
action on the noun. 

147. Secondly, — In the Spanish and other Latin 
dialects, (viz., the French, Italian, and Portuguese, 
and likewise in the German language,) words 
expressing quality, i. e., adjectives, undergo certain 
modifications; consequently, the participle, when 
used as an adjective, must be subject to the same 
laws. 

Having laid down these propositions, we shall 
now proceed more directly to treat of the verbs 
to have and to be. 

The words for to have, are 

Haber (from the Latin Habeo, Habere) and 
Tener n n n Teneo, Tenere. 

The two words for to be, are 

Ser (from the Latin Sum, Esse) and 
Estar ii .» .1 Sto, Stare. 

H 



74 ON THE USE OF THE 

Of Haber and Tener, To have. 

148. Haber is used in the compound tenses of 
other verbs by letting it be followed by the passive 
participle, when the latter is used to express the 
nature of the action done at some past period. 

149. Tener is used to express that w r e have, 
hold, or possess any thing or object. 

150. Hence, the verb Tener is followed by a 
noun. 

151. Tener may, however, be followed by a pas- 
sive participle ; viz., when we wish to express not 
only that we have hold or possess any object, 
but, that we possess it in the state expressed by 
the passive participle. 

EXAMPLES. 

1. He recibido cartas ; 

I have received letters. 

2. Tengo cartas ; 
I have letters. 

3. I have received the letters ; 
Tengo recibidas las cartas ? 

When am I to render the words "I have re- 
ceived letters," by 

He recibido cartas ? when by 
Tengo recibidas cartas ? 

152. Answer. When you merely wish to express 
that you have done the act of receiving letters, use 
haber , with the passive participle unaltered. 

153. When you wish to express that you have 
or hold the letters which you have received ; that 
is, that you have or hold received letters, use tener, 
with the participle altered. 



VERBS HABER AND TENER. 75 

154. Your correspondent sends you three let- 
ters, desiring you to forward them. 

If you answer his letter after having forwarded 
the letters, stating that you had received the let- 
ters and forwarded them, say, He recibido las 
cartas, y las he entregado al senor N., $c. 

155. But, should you acknowledge the receipt 
of his letters previous to forwarding them, say, 
Tengo recibidas las cartas, y las entregare al 
senor N. ; because, in the first instance, you can 
only state that you have done the act of receiving 
the letters — you do not then any more hold or 
possess them ; the letters are not affected by the 
word received, whilst, in the second instance, you 
not only have done the act of receiving the letters, 
but you actually hold or possess them in a received 
state ; you hold received letters. The participle 
here has the nature of the adjective. Nor can 
you say Tengo entregadas las cartas. It would 
be nonsense to say that you have or hold the let- 
ters received, or received letters, whilst you have 
actually delivered them. 

156. Again: — 

I have written three letters : 
He escrito tres cartas ; or, 
Tengo escritas tres cartas. 

He escrito tres cartas, when you have sent the 
letters away ; the verb Haber and the passive 
participle unaltered, because you can only express 
the nature of the action done. 

157. But, whilst the letters which you have 
written are yet in your possession, use Tener, and 
let the passive participle agree with the noun, 
because you have not only done the act of writing 



76 ON THE USE OF THE 

the letters, but you still hold or possess them ; 
namely, written letters : here the passive participle 
is equivalent to an adjective. 

158. From what has been said, it will be evi- 
dent that we can never use the verb Tener before 
the passive participle, unless the latter implies pos- 
session as well as action ; or, in other words, unless 
we can, in English, substitute the words to hold 
or possess for to have : such are the following and 
similar expressions : — 

I have smoked a pipe ; 
They had travelled much ; 
We had snuffed the candle ; 
The houses which I have sold ; * 
They will have mounted the breach ; 
They would have stormed the citadel ; 
She has mended her pens. 

159. Whenever the verb to have is followed by 
another verb in the Infinitive Mood, it is to be 
rendered by Tener, and the preposition to by que : 
I have to write, Tengo que escribir. 

* It will appear, hence, that the Spaniards have the advan- 
tage in point of philological correctness over the French ; for 
it is a rule in the French language, that, whenever the noun 
precedes the passive participle, the latter must agree in num- 
ber and gender with the former ; hut, when the passive parti- 
ciple precedes the noun, the former is unalterable. In the 
expression, J'ai vendu les maisons, this is correct enough ; hut, 
in the following, Les maisons que fai vendues, it is absurd to 
make the participle agree in number and gender with the noun 
by which it is preceded. The Portuguese (that barbarous and 
inharmonious dialect of the Spanish) is even worse by using 
the verb Ter instead of Haver. 



VERBS SER AND ESTAR. 77 

Of Ser and Estar, (To be.) 

160. Ser expresses the nature or mere existence 
of an object, its natural and inherent properties ; 

Estar, the accidental circumstances in which the 
noun is placed ; 

Ser, therefore, is used in answer to the question, 
what is the thing ? Estar, after the question how 
or where is the thing ? To be a man ; ser hombre, 
(what is the noun? Ser.) To be content, Estar 
cojitento, (how is the noun? Estar.) To be at home, 
Estar, en casa, (where is the noun, Estar.) This 
man is lame, (born so,) Este hombre es cojo. This 
man is lame, (he had a fall, and will be well again 
next week,) Este hombre esta cojo. 

161. Question. When am I to use Ser, when 
Estar, for the verb to be, before a participle ? 

Answer. Use Estar always before the present 
participle in do, (by some grammarians called the 
gerund,) because the present participle in do ex- 
presses that the noun is doing an action on another 
noun which follows, whether expressed or under- 
stood ; as 

Estan cantando (una cancion ;) 
They are singing (a song ;) 

And, as they may discontinue the action, they are 
placed in the state expressed by the participle 
during a certain period only ; and Ser always 
before the present participle in te; because the 
present participle in te expresses the nature of the 
noun (whether expressed or understood) assumed 
by the action ; as 

Son amantes, they are lovers, (loving ones, loving men, &c. ;) 
Son dependientes, they are dependants, (dependant ones, de- 
pendant persons ;) 
Soy estudiante, I am a student, (a studying one, a studying 
person.) 

h2 



78 ON THE USE OF THE 

162. Before a passive participle use Ser when 
you wish to express the nature of the action done ; 

163. Estar, when you wish to express the state 
produced on the noun by the action. 

EXAMPLES. 

These letters were written by my partner yesterday, and they 

were already written when I came in ; 
Estas cartas fueron escritas ayer por mi socio, y estaban ya 

escritas cuando yo entrL 

The passive participle, in the former part of the 
sentence, expresses the nature of the action done ; 
in the second part, the state produced on the noun. 
Were I to substitute Ser for Estar, and Estar for 
Ser, in the preceding sentence, it would read thus : 
" These letters had been written by my partner 
yesterday, before I came in, and he did write them 
when I came in, which would riot only be a palpa- 
ble contradiction, but also an absurdity. 

These children were abandoned by their parents, and, when we 

found them, they were abandoned yet ; 
Estos ninos fueron abandonados de sus padres, y cuando los 

hallamos estaban todavia abandonados. 

164. From the foregoing rules and examples, it 
appears that the passive participle is always to 
agree with the noun, after the verbs Ser and Estar, 
though it would be more correct, if the passive 
participle were unchangeable after the verb Ser. 

165. Question. As some verbs have two passive 
participles, a regular and irregular, (see the list of 
them, No. 168,) which of these am I to use after 
the verb Ser, which after the verb Estar ? 

Answer. When you wish merely to express the 



VERBS SER AND ESTAR. 79 

nature of the action done, use the first or regular 
with Ser; when the state produced by the action 
on the noun, the irregular participle with Estar. 

EXAMPLES. 

They were awakened from their slumbers, and, as soon as they 
were awakened, (awake,) they beheld their misfortune; 

Fueron despertados de su sueno y luego que estuvieron 
despiertos vieron su desgracia. 

166. The same with Haber and Tener. 

After having taken them, they kept them prisoners, (as taken ;) 
Despues de haber los prendido los tuvieron presos. 

They had broken shields ; 

Hubieron rompido escudos. (They had done the act of 
breaking shields.) 

Tuvieron escudos rotos ; 

They had shields that were broken, or in a shattered state. 

167. It may, perhaps, not be unnecessary to 
state here, that the English often use the passive 
participle with the verb To be before it, without 
wishing it to be inferred that the action actually 
has been done ; for instance : 

It is said that, — it is expected that, — it is sup- 
posed that, — &c. These expressions are synony- 
mous with they say, people expect, one supposes, 
&c. ; now, to render these and similar expressions 
in Spanish, use the verb in the third person singu- 
lar, preceded by the word se, synonymous with 
the French on and German man,* or the Latin 
verba passiva; as 

It is said . . Se dice. 

It is expected . ..Se espera, Sfc. 
It was supposed . . Se suponia. 

♦French — On dit que German — Man sagt dasz. 

m L'on espere que.. » Man hoffet dasz. 

n On croit que . . . . »» Man denckt dasz. 



80 



168.— LIST OF VERBS 

That have two participles, regular and irregular, 
and of such as have only an irregular participle. 







IRREGULAR. 


Abrir, 


to open, 


abierto, 


Absolver, 


to absolve, 


absuelto, 


Ahitar, 


f to overload 
\ the stomach, 


> ahito, 


Anteponer, 


to prefer, 


antepuesto, 


Antever, 


to foresee, 


antevisto, 


Bendecir, 


to bless, 


bendito, 


Compeler, 


to compel, 


compulso, 


Componer, 


to compose, 


compuesto, 


Concluir, 


to conclude, 


concluso, 


Confundir, 


to confound, 


confuso, 


Contradecir, 


to contradict, 


contradicho, 


Contrakacer, 


to counterfeit, 


contrahecho, 


Convencer, 


to convince, 


convicto. 


Convertir, 


to convert, 


convierto, 


Cubrir, 


to cover, 


cubierto, 


Decir, 


to say, 


dicho, 


Deponer, 


to depose, 


depuesto, 


Descomponer, 


to discompose, 


descompuesto, 


Descubrir, 


to discover, 


descubierto, 


Desdecirse, 


to retract, 


desdicho, 


Desenvolver, 


to unroll, 


desenvuelto, 


Deshacer, 


to undo, 


deskecho, 


Despertar, 


to awake, 


despierto, 


Disolver, 


to dissolve, 


disuelto, 


Disponer, 


to dispose, 


dispuestOy 


Elegir, 


to elect, 


electo, 


Encubrir, 


to conceal, 


encubierto. 


Envolver, 


to wrap, 


envuelto, 


Enjugar, 


to dry, 


enjutOj 


Escribir, 


to write, 


escrito, 


Excluir, 


to exclude, 


excluso, 



REGULAR. 



ahitado. 



bendecido. 
compelido. 

concluido. 
confundido. 



convencido. 
convertido. 



despertado. 



elegido. 



enjugado. 
excluido. 



IRREGULAR PARTICIPLES. 



81 







IRREGULAR. 


REGULAR. 


Expeler, 


to expel, 


expulso, 


expelido. 


Exponer, 


to expose, 


expuesto, 




Expresar, 


to express, 


expreso, 


expresado. 


Extinguir, 


to extinguish, 


extincto, 


extinguido. 


Fijar, 


to fix, 


fij°, 


Jijado. 


Ereir, 


to fry, 


frito, 


freido. 


Hacer, 


to do or make, 


hecho, 




Hartar, 


to satiate, 


harto, 


hartado. 


Importer, 


to impose, 


impuesto, 






Imprimir, 


to print, 


impreso, 






Incluir, 


to include, 


incluso, 


incluido. 


Incurrir, 


to incur, 


incurso, 


incurrido. 


Indisponer, 


to indispose, 


indispuesto, 






Insertar, 


to insert, 


inserto, 


insertado. 


Invertir, 


to invert, 


inverso, 


invertido. 


Injerir, 


to graft, 


injerto, 


injerido. 


Juntar, 


to join, 


junto, 


juntado. 


Maldecir, 


to curse, 


maldito, 


maldecido. 


Manifestar, 


to manifest, 


manifiesto, 


manifestado. 


Marchitar, 


to fade, 


marchito, 


marchitado. 


\Tf\TlT 


to Hip 


vnn prtr\ 




1VJ. Ul tf , 

Omitir, 


to omit, 


III lit 1 l/U, 

omiso, 


omitido. 


Oponer, 


to oppose, 


opuesto, 






Oprimir, 


to oppress, 


opreso, 


oprimido. 


Perfeccionar, 


to perfect, 


perfectOf 


perfeccionado. 


Porter, 


to place or put, 


puesto, 




Predecir, 


to predict, 


predicho, 






Prender, 


to seize, 


preso, 


prendido. 


Preponer, 


to place first, 


prepuesto, 




Prescribir, 


to prescribe, 


prescrito, 


prescribido. 


Presuponer, 


to presuppose, 


presupuesto, 




Prever, 


to foresee, 


previsto, 






Proponer, 


to propose, 


propuesto, 






P^/lC/"*"?/)))* 


to proscribe, 


proscrito, 




X / UOVf lUCI , 


* 


Proveer, 


to provide, 


provisto, 


proveido. 


Recluir, 


to shut up, 


recluso, 


recluido. 


Rekacer, 


to do over again, rehecho, 






Reporter, 


to replace, 


repuesto, 






Tf PQriiiipr 


to VPQOiVP 


fpQiioltn 




J^.PVlPT 


lv 1 CoUl V C. 

to TPVIPW 


1 totltolU, 
fpiii atrk 




J-l/C VO 1 , 

Revolver, 
Romper, 


LVJ 1CV 1C W , 

to TPVOIVP 


1 t VloLU, 

YPiYiioltn 




\i\J ICV \Jl V c, 

to break, 


1 C UUitlViJ, 

roto, 


rompido, 



82 



IRREGULAR PARTICIPLES. 





IRREGULAR, 


to satisfy, 
to place over, 
to let go, 


satisfecho, 

sobrepuesto, 

suelto, 


to suppose, 


supuesto, 


to suppress, 
to transpose, 
to see, 


supreso, 

traspuesto, 

visto, 


to return, 


vuelto, 



REGULAR. 



soltado. 



suprimido. 



Satisfacer, 

Sobreponer, 

Soltar, 

Suponer, 

Suprimir, 

Trasponer, 

Ver, 

Volver, 

169. There is this peculiarity in the following 
passive participles, that they do not affect the 
noun, and are used in an active sense, thus : though 
cansado means tired, and we may say est oy can- 
sado, I am tired, we may also say cosa cansada, 
it is a tiresome thing, or tiring thing. Again : 
Leido is, literally, read; he leido la carta, I have 
read the letter ; but we say, es hombre leido, he 
is a learned man ; literally, a read man, which is 
nonsense, for a man cannot be read. 

The following is a list of them : — 

CONVENTIONAL MEANING. 

thankful, or grateful. 

daring, or bold. 

reserved, or silent. 

tiresome, annoying. 

mild, or gentle. 

despairing, or desperate. 

shy, or crafty. 

intelligent. 

courageous, resolute. 

hypocritical. 

learned. 

unassuming. 

circumspect. 

moderate. 

provoking. 

atrevido. 

idle, or inactive. 

munificent, or liberal. 



Agradecido, 


LITERAL MEANING. 

thanked, 


Atrevido, 


dared, 


Callado, 


unmentioned, 


Cansado, 


tired, 


Comedido, 


mused, 


Desesperado, 


despaired, 


Disimulado, 


dissembled, 


Entendido, 


understood, 


Esforzado, 


encouraged, 


Fingido, 


feigned, 


Leido, 


read, 


Medido, 


measured, 


Mirado, 


looked at, 


Moderado, 


moderated, 


Ocasionado, 


occasioned, caused, 


Osado, 


the same as, 


Parado, 


stopped, 


Partido, 


divided, 



OF AUGMEKTATIVES, ETC. 



83 



Pausado, 

Porfiado, 

Preciado, 

Presumido, 

Recatado, 

Sabido, 

Sentido, 

Sufrido, 

Transcendido, 

Valido, 



LITERAL MEANING. 

paused, 

contended, 

valued, 

presumed, 

concealed, 

known, 

felt, 

suffered, 

transcended, 

availed, 



CONVENTIONAL MEANING. 

quiet, tranquil, &c. 
pertinaceous, or obstinate, 
valuable, or precious, 
presumptuous, or arrogant, 
cautious, or prudent, 
knowing, or clever, 
sensible, or feeling, 
patient, or forbearing, 
acute, or keen, 
mighty, confident. 



Of Augmentatives and Diminutives. 

170. The Spaniards make use of certain sylla- 
bles, which, when joined to a noun, convey an idea 
of bigness or smallness, coarseness or neatness. 

171. Those of bigness are, on, ona, azo, onazo; 

172. Those of smallness, ito, ico, iquito, illo, 
iquillo, citto, uelo, and zuelo^ with their feminines, 
which are formed by changing o into a. 

173. These augmentatives are formed by substi- 
tuting them to the last vowel of the noun, if it 
terminate in a vowel, and by joining them to the 
noun if it terminate in a consonant ; as 

Perro, A dog ; Perr azo, perron azo. 
HombrE, A man ; Hombron. 
Muger, A woman; MugeroaA. 

Perro, a dog ; Pernio, perriQvwo, a pretty little dog. 

ii m PerriLio, perriQviLLO, an ugly little dog. 

Nieto, a grandcbild ; NetEzuELO. 

174. Adjectives, likewise, take these augmenta- 
tives and diminutives, and even the adjectives, big 
and little, themselves ; as 

Grande, great ; GrandeciTO, rather big. 

Chico, small ; C^'quito, c^quillo, cAjcuelo, very little. 



84 ADVERBS. 

175. Some augmentatives and diminutives are 
used to express smallness or bigness, with neatness 
or prettiness ; others, smallness or bigness, with 
ugliness. 

176. The diminutives of 

Bueno, (good,) buena, are bonito, bonita ; 
Buenos, •» buenas, «» honitos, bonitas ; 

and mean pretty. 



ADVERBS. 

177. Adverbs are generally placed in English 
before the verb ; in Spanish they must come after 
it, though this rule is often violated by good Spa- 
nish writers. 

He always prayed alone ; Or aba siempre solo. 

Seldom he prayed for himself; Rara vez pedia para si. 

178. Adverbs may be formed in English by 
joining ly to the adjective. By rendering this ly 
into mente, and joining it to the feminine of adjec- 
tives, you will have an adverb; as Largo, large; 
Fern. : larga, largamE^TE, largely ; Grande, 
great ; grandeMEWTE, greatly ; Feliz, happy ; 

,/efeMENTE, happily. 



85 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 

179. Prepositions are never placed, as in Eng- 
lish, after the verb, but always before it. 

What do you complain of? i De que se queja Vd. ? 
Whom do you speak to ? i Con quien habla Vd. ? 

The man I received it from; El hombre de quien lorecibi. 

180. Prepositions are to be repeated before 
every noun, though omitted in English. 

Always were his prayers ad- Siempre se derigian sus ora- 
dressed in favor of the clones en favor de la viuda 
widow or helpless orphan. or del huerfano desvalido. 

181. No preposition can be followed by the 
verb in the present participle, as in English, but 
by the infinitive only. 

I am tired of writing ; Estoy cansado de escribir. 

Except the preposition en, (in,) and then only 
when it is equivalent to " ivhilst" in English. 

In saying this he embraced En diciendo esto me dio un 
me. abrazo. 

182. Some prepositions require other preposi- 
tions, or a conjunction after them; such as 

Antes de, before. Detras de, behind. 

Fuera de, besides. Enfrente de, opposite. 

Hasta al, until the. Lejos de., far from. 

Encima de, upon. Mas aca de, on this side of. 

Acerca de, concerning. Mas alia de, beyond. 

A cubierto de, under shelter. Al rededor de, round about. 

Ademas de, besides. Debajo de, under. 



86 OF PREPOSITIONS. 

Al lado de, beside. Dentro de, within. 

A pesar de, in spite of. Conforme a, according to. 

Cerca de, near. Junto a, close to. 

Delante de, before. Tocante a, concerning. 
Despues de, after. 

Antes and Despues require de when they pre- 
cede a verb in the Infinitive Mood, but que if the 
verb be in any other mood. 

183. If a preposition in any given language 
were always rendered by the same word in any 
other given language, there would be no difficulty ; 
but it happens that a preposition in one language 
is sometimes rendered by one word, sometimes by 
another in another language ; thus, for instance : 

The literal meaning of Of or from, is De in Spanish. 

» To or at, " A " 

» For or by, » For m 

» For " Para » 

n 7Fi y ra " Cora ii 

" In ii .Era H 

" Ora or rajjora, h Sobre n 

184. But each of these words is often rendered 
by a different word ; thus, By, With, To, &c, are 
often rendered by De, and again, De sometimes 
by To, sometimes by Of or From, at other times 
by At; then again, by With or By, or Through, 
and so on ; so that, indeed, there is no fixed rule 
when such or such preposition is to be rendered by 
such or such a word, except the knowledge of such 
words as require certain prepositions after them, 
which some grammarians have called government. 
We shall not quarrel with them about the term, but 
we think it may be as comfortably dispensed with, 
as the barbarous terms of Gerunds,* Regimens, 
the Pluperfects, the Potential Moods, the Syn- 
taxes, and the whole ancient family of the Latin 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 87 

cases, from the Nominative to the Ablative, inclu- 
sive ; which, however useful, nay, indispensable, 
and even beautiful, in the Latin, Greek, and ori- 
ental languages, are (with the exception of the 
German) totally useless in the modern languages.* 

185. There are certain verbs in English (chiefly 
of northern extraction) that are composed of a 
verb and a separable preposition ; such as To take 
up, as I lifted him up. Whenever such verbs are 
to be rendered in Spanish, no notice is to be taken 
of such prepositions, but the verbs are to be ren- 
dered as if in the preceding example it were — 
I lifted up, or uplifted him ; he will pierce the 
secret through, or He will pierce-through, or 
through-pierce, the secret. 

186. A list of English prepositions, with their 
corresponding prepositions in Spanish. 

Above, Encima de. For, (for the use or bene- 
Above, (more than,) Mas de. fit of,) Para. 

About, (nearly,) Cerca de. For,(for the sake of,)Por. 

About, (within,) En. For, (in behalf of,) For. 

About, (about the streets,) For, (on account of,) For. 

For. For, (during,) For. 

About, (on,) Sobre. For, (instead of,) For. 

After, Despues de. For, (in exchange for,) 
After, (according to,) A, segun. For. 

Against, Contra. From, De. 

* " Mot gothique barbare, inutile .... Les gens senses. . . 
conviendront avec moi que dans le siecle, dit des lumieres, il 
est incomprehensible de voir publier des volumes pour debrou- 
iller une seule partie du discours. . . . Qu' on oblie toutes ces 
theories, sur les verbes passifs, les verbes neutres conjugues 
avec avoir ou avec etre, et les participes presents, passes et 
futurs puis leurs regies, et puis encore, leufs exceptions: enfin 
toutes cesfriperies des rudiments Latins du 15me. siecle qu'on 
vient encore abusivement Staler dans nos grammaires dites 
francaises." — Vanier. 



88 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



Against, (fronting,) Enfrente 

de. 
Among, Entre. 
At, A, 
At, (in,) En, 
At, (on,) En, 
At, (through,) For, 
Before, (previous to,) Antes 

de. 
Before, (in the presence of,) 

Delante de. 
Behind, Detras de. 
Beneath, Debajo de. 
Beside, Al lado de. 
Beyond, Mas alia de. 
By, For or De, 
By, (in,) De, 
By, (close to,) Junto a. 



From, (speaking of distance,) 

Desde, 
In or into, En, 
Near, (nigh,) Cerca de. 
Of, De, 

On or upon, Sobre or En. 
Over, Encima de. 
Over, (through,) For, 
Round, (around,)^/ rededor de 
Through, For or De, 
Till or until, Hasta, 
To, A, 

Towards, Hdcia, 
Under, Debajo de. 
With, Con, 
Within, Dentro de. 
Without, Sin. 
Without, (outside,) Fuera de. 



187. — List of words requiring to be followed by a. 



A. 



Abalanzarse a los peligros, 
Abandonarse a la suerte, 
Abordar una nave a or con 

otra, 
Aborrecible a la gente, 
Abrirse a or con sus confi- 

dentes, 
Acaecer (algo) a alguno, 

Acceder a la opinion de otro, 

Accesible a los pretendientes, 
Acogerse a alguno, 
Acomodarse al dictamen de 
otro, 



to rush on dangers. 

to abandon oneself to chance. 

to approach one ship to ano- 
ther. 

hateful to the people. 

to unbosom oneself to one's 
confidents. 

something happening to any 
one. 

to accede to the opinion of 
another. 

accessible to pretenders. 

to have recourse to any one. 

to conform oneself to another's 
opinion. 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



89 



Acontecer & los incautos, 
Acostumbrarse a los trabajos, 

Acreedor a or de la confianza, 
Acusar a alguno, 
Adelantarse a otros, 
Adherirse a la opinion de 

otro, 
Aficionarse a leer, 
Agradecido a los beneficios, 
Agregarse a otros, 
Agrio al gusto, 
Ajustarse a la razon, 
Alargarse a la ciudad, 
Allanarse a lo justo, 
Amable a la gente, 
Amaiiarse a escribir, 
Anhelar a or por mayor for- 

tuna, 
Aparecerse a alguno, 

Apasionarse a los libros, 

Apegarse a alguna cosa, 
Apelar a otro medio, 

Apetecible al gusto, 
Aplicarse a los estudios, 
Arreglarse a las leyes, 
Arrimarse a la pared, 
Arrojarse (algo) a si mismo, 

Arrojarse al peligro, 
Ascender a otro empleo, 

Asomarse a or por la ventana, 
Asparse a gritos, 
Atender a la conversacion, 
Atenerse a lo seguro, 
Atinar a or con la casa, 
Atraer (algo) & si, 
Atreverse a cosas grandes, 



to happen to the unwary. 

to accustom oneself to misfor- 
tune. 

entitled to confidence. 

to accuse any one. 

to advance before others. 

to adhere to the opinion of 
another. 

to be fond of reading. 

grateful for benefits. 

to unite oneself to others. 

sour to the taste. 

to yield to reason. 

to hasten to the town. 

to submit to what is just. 

amiable to the people. 

to be clever in writing. 

to wish for a better situation. 

to appear suddenly before any 
one. 

to be passionately fond of 
books. 

to adhere to anything. 

to have recourse to other mea- 
sures. 

agreeable to the palate. 

to apply oneself to study. 

to conform oneself to the laws. 

to lean against the wall. 

to appropriate anything to 
oneself. 

to run info danger. 

to be raised to another em- 
ployment. 

to look out at the window. 

to be exhausted with roaring. 

to attend to the conversation. 

to keep to the side of safety. 

to hit upon the house. 

to attract anything to oneself. 

to dare great things. 



i2 



90 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



Atribuir (algo) a otro, 

Aventajarse a otros, 
Avergonzarse a pedir, 



Balancear a tal parte, 
Bajar a la cueva, 
Brear a chasco, 
Brindar a la salud de otro, 



to attribute anything to ano- 
ther, 
to gain advantage over others, 
to be ashamed to ask. 



B. 



to hesitate on such a thing, 
to go down to a cavern, 
to jest at one. 
to drink the health 0/ another. 



C. 



Caer a tal parte, 
Calentarse al fuego, 
Callar la verdad a otro, 

Caminar a tal lugar, 
Capitular a alguno de mal 

hombre, 
Cenirse a lo que se puede, 
Circunscribirse a una cosa, 
Complacer a otro, 
Concurrir a alguna parte, 
Condescend er a los ruegos, 
Conducir algo a un lugar, 

Confesar la culpa al juez, 

Confiar alguna cosa a otro, 

Confinar alguno a tal parte, 

Conforme a su opinion, 
Consagrarse a Dios, 
Contestar a la pregunta, 
Contraponer esto a aquello, 
Contravenir a la ley, 
Converterse a Dios, 
Convidarse a los trabajos, 
Co-operar a alguna cosa, 
Corresponder a los beneiicios, 

Curtirse al ayre, 



to look on such a side. 

to warm oneself at the fire. 

to conceal the truth from ano- 
ther. 

to travel to such a place. 

to impeach any one for being 
a bad man. 

to keep within bounds. 

to confine oneself to one thing. 

to please another. 

to meet at some place. 

to condescend to entreaties. 

to conduct something to a 
place. 

to confess one's faults to the 
judge. 

to entrust another with any- 
thing. 

to confine any one to such a 
place. 

conformable to his opinion. 

to consecrate oneself to God. 

to reply to the question. 

to put this over against that. 

to transgress against the law. 

to be converted to God. 

to make oneself ready to work. 

to co-operate in anything. 

to be grateful for favors re- 
ceived. 

to tan by the air. 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



91 



D. 



Darse a estudiar, 
Deber dinero a alguno, 
Decir algo a otro, 
Dedicar tiempo al estudio, 
Deferir a otro dictamen, 
Dilatarse al juez, 
Desagradecido al beneficio, 
Deshacerse a trabajar, 
Devolver la causa al juez, 

Determinarse a parti r, 
Diferir algo a otro tiempo, 

Disponerse a alguna cosa, 



to give oneself to study. 

to owe money to any one. 

to say something to any one. 

to devote time to study. 

to adopt the advice of another. 

to accuse oneself to the judge. 

ungrateful to a favor. 

to work with earnestness. 

to let the cause devolve to the 
judge, 

to determine to depart. 

to defer anything to another 
time. 

to prepare oneself for any- 
thing. 



E. 



Elevarse al cielo, 
Encaminarse a alguna parte, 
Enviar algo a alguno, 
Escribir cartas a alguno, 
Exceder en algo a otro, 



to raise oneself to the skies. 
to take the road to any part, 
to send something to any one. 
to write letters to any body, 
to excel any one in anything. 



Faltar a la palabra, 
Fiar algo a alguno, 
Flexible a la razon, 
Franquearse a otro, 



F. 



to fail in one's promise. 

to trust anything to any one. 

pliant to reason. 

to open oneself to another. 



H. 



Hacerse a todo, 
Habituarse a alguna cosa, 

Humanarse a alguna cosa, 

Humillarse a alguno, 



to be ready for anything. 

to accustom oneself to some- 
thing. 

to familiarise oneself to any- 
thing. 

to humble oneself before any 
one. 



92 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



I. 



Impeler alguno a alguna cosa, 
Impenetrable a los mas per- 

spicaces, 
Imputar la culpa a otro, 
Incitar alguno a algo, 
Incomprehensible a los hom- 

bres, 
Increible a muchos, 
Inducir a uno a pecar, 
Inflexible a la razon, 
Ingrato a los favores, 
Insensible a las injurias, 
Insipido al gusto, 



to compel any one to anything, 
impenetrable to the most pene- 
trating, 
to impute the fault to another, 
to incite any one to anything, 
incomprehensible to men. 

incredible to many, 
to induce one to sin. 
inflexible to reason, 
ungrateful fox favors, 
insensible to injuries, 
insipid to the taste. 



Jugar a tal juego, 



J. 



to play at such a game. 



L. 

Ladear una cosa a tal parte, to lay anything on such a side. 
Lanzar algo a otra parte, to push anything to another 

place. 
Llegar a puerto, to arrive at a port. 

Llevar algo a alguna parte, to carry anything to any place. 



M. 



Matarse a trabajar, 
Molerse a trabajar, 
Moverse de una parte a otra, 



to kill oneself with labor, 
to fatigue oneself with working, 
to move from one side to ano- 
ther. 



N. 

Navegar a Indias, to sail to the Indies. 

Negarse a la comunicacion, to deny oneself to company. 

Nivelarse a lo justo, to direct oneself by justice. 

Notificar alguna cosa a alguno, to notify anything to any one. 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



93 



o. 



Obligar a alguna cosa, 
Ofrecer algo a alguno, 
Ofrecerse a los peligros, 
Oler algo a otra cosa, 
Oponerse a una empresa, 
Optar a los empleos, 

Ovillar a alguna parte, 



to oblige any one to anything, 
to offer anything to any one. 
to offer oneself to danger, 
to smell after something, 
to oppose an undertaking, 
to stand a candidate for an 

office, 
to draw to any side. 



Palmear a alguno, 
Parar a la puerta, 
Partir a or para Francia, 
Pasar a Madrid, 
Pedir algo a alguno, 
Ponerse a escribir, 
Preferir a otro, 
Prevenir algo a alguno, 

Proximo a morir, 



to shake hands with any body. 

to stop at the door. 

to set off for France. 

to go to Madrid. 

to ask something/ro?tt any one. 

to sit down to write. 

to prefer to another. 

to prepare reception for any 

one. 
at the point of dying. 



Q. 



Quebrantar las piernas a al- 
guno, 
Quebrar el corazon a alguno, 
Quitar algo a alguno. 



to break the legs of another. 

to break the heart of any one. 
to take anything/row anyone. 



R. 



Reducir algo a la mitad, 
Referirse a alguna cosa, 
Reglarse a lo justo, 

Rendirse a la razon, 
Resolverse a alguna cosa, 
Responder a la pregunta, 
Restituirse a su patria, 
Revolver al enemigo, 
Robar algo a alguno, 
Rogar alguna cosa a alguno, 



to reduce anything to the half, 
to refer oneself to anything, 
to regulate oneself to what is 

right, 
to yield to reason, 
to resolve upon anything, 
to answer to a question, 
to return to one's country, 
to return to the enemy, 
to steal from any one. 
to ask anything of any one. 



94 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



Sacrificar algo a Dios, 
Salir a alguna parte, 
Semejar una cosa a otra, 
Sentarse a comer, 
Sentenciar a las galeras, 
Someterse a alguno, 
Subir a alguna parte, 
Sujetarse a alguno, 
Sumiso a la voluntad de otro, 



to sacrifice anything to God. 
to go out to any place, 
to like one thing to another, 
to sit down to dine, 
to condemn to the galleys, 
to submit oneself to any one. 
to ascend to any place, 
to subject oneself to any one. 
submissive to the will of ano- 
ther. 



Temible a los contrarios, 

Tirar a tal parte, 

Traspasar alguna cosa a otra, 



dreadful to his enemies, 
to draw on such a side, 
to transfer something to ano- 
ther. 



Unir una cosa a otra, 



U. 



to unite one thing to another. 



Vacar a los trabajos, 
Valuar algo a tal precio, 

Vencerse a alguna cosa, 
Vestirse a la moda, 



to have leisure from work. 

to value anything at such a 
price. 

to subdue oneself in anything. 

to dress oneself after the fa- 
shion. 



188. The following adjectives likewise require 
to be followed by a : — 

First, — Adjectives denoting facility or diffi- 
culty; as 



Increible a muchos, 
Comprehensible a pocos, 
Precisado a huir, 



incredible to many, 
comprehensible to few. 
compelled to flee. 



Except Facil, easy ; Difficil, difficult ; Separable, 
Inseparable, separable : these require De. 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 95 

Secondly, — Adjectives denoting profit or dis- 
prqfit, likeness or unlifceness, except Mayor and 
Menor, which require De. 

Thirdly, — Adjectives denoting proximity : — 

Cercano a la muerte, near to death. 

Proximi a morir, near dying. 

189. The preposition A is often introduced 
before the object acted upon, to avoid equivoca- 
tion, and for the sake of perspicuity. Thus, in 
English, if I say John loves Paul, it is evident 
that John is the doer and Paul the object acted 
upon. Now, in Spanish, in consequence of the 
liberty of transposing the words, if I say Juan 
ama Pablo, it may be that John loves Paul, or 
that Paul loves John ; I may, therefore, say Juan 
ama a Pablo, or Pablo ama a Juan ; then there 
can be no doubt, that John is the doer, and Paul 
the object affected by the action. 



The Preposition De. 

190. The literal meaning of De, is Of or From; 
after some of the following words it has a different 
meaning, as shown in the examples below. 



Abochornarse de algo, to be vexed with anything. 

Aborrecido de todos, detested by all. 

Abstenerse de comer, to abstain from eating. 

Abundar de or en riquezas, to abound in or with riches. 



96 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



Aburrido de su mala fortuna, 
Abusar de la amistad, 
Acabar de venir, 
Acerca de este asunto, 
Aconsejarse de or con sabios, 
Acordarse de alguna cosa, 
Acreditarse de necio, 
Acreedor de or a la confianza, 
Acusarse de sus culpa s, 
Ademas de eso, 
Adolecer de enfermedad, 
Ageno de verdad, 
Agraviarse de alguno, 
Agudo de ingenio, 

Ahitarse de manjares, 
Ahorrar de razones, 
Alabarse de valiente, 
Alegrarse de algo, 
Alimentarse de esparanzas, 
Alto de cuerpo, 
Amante de algo, 
Ampararse de alguna cosa, 
Ancho de boca, 
Antes de ahora, 
Apartarse de la ocasion, 
Apasionarse de alguno, 
Apelar de la sentencia, 
Apercibirse de armas, 
Apiadarse de los pobres, 

Apoderarse de la hacienda 

agena, 
Armarse de paciencia, • 
Arrecirse de frio, 
Arrepentirse de lo mal hecho, 
Asarse de calor, 
Asegurarse de los peligros, 
Atemorizarse de lo que dicen, 
Atufarse de or por poco, 
Ausentarse de la ciudad, 
Avergonsarse de algo, 



weary with one's ill fortune. 

to abuse friendship. 

to have just come. 

about this business. 

to take counsel of wise men. 

to remember anything. 

to prove one's folly. 

worthy of confidence. 

to accuse oneself of one's faults. 

besides that. 

to complain of illness. 

foreign to the truth. 

to be affronted with any one. 

sharp of intellect, (witty or 

sharp.) 
to surfeit oneself with food, 
to be sparing of one's words, 
to boast of bravery, 
to rejoice at anything, 
to feed oneself with hopes, 
tall in stature, 
to be fond of something, 
to seize anything. 
to have a wide mouth, 
before now. 

to lose the opportunity, 
to be enamoured with any one. 
to appeal from the sentence, 
to provide oneself with arms, 
to have compassion on the 

poor, 
to usurp another's property. 

to arm oneself with patience, 
to be benumbed with cold, 
to repent of a bad action, 
to be scorched with heat, 
to shelter oneself from danger, 
to be afraid of what is said, 
to be afronted at sl trifle, 
to absent oneself from town, 
to be ashamed of anything. 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



97 



B. 



Bastard ear de su naturaleza, 

Bajar de su antoridad, 
Bajo de cuerpo, 
Blanco de cara, 
Blando de corteza, 
Blasonar de valiente, 
Blasfemar de la virtud, 
Bordar (algo) de plata, 

Bostezar de hambre, 
Bota de vino, 
Bota de punta, 
Bramar de col era, 
Bueno de comer, 
Bufar de ira, 
Burlarse de algo, 



to degenerate from one's na- 
ture. 

to recede from one's authority. 

short in stature. 

having a white face. 

easy to be deceived. 

to boast of bravery. 

to blaspheme against virtue. 

to embroider anything with 
silver. 

to gape through hunger. 

a leathern flask of wine. 

blunt at the point. 

to roar with rage. 

good to eat. 

to swell with anger. 

to mock at anything. 



C. 



Caer de lo alto, 

Calificar (a alguno) de docto, 

Calumniar (a alguno) de in- 

justo, 
Capaz de hacer algo, 
Cerca del palacio, 
Chi co de persona, 
Comerse de envidia, 
Complacerse de algo, 
Condolerse de los trabajos, 
Confiarse de alguno, 
Confundirse de lo que se ve, 

Contaminarse de heregia, 

Convalecer de la enfermedad, 
Creerse de alguna cosa, 
Cuidar de alguno, 



to fall from on high. 

to qualify one for a learned 
man. 

to caluminate any one of in- 
justice. 

capable of doing something. 

near to the palace. 

small in person. 

to pine with envy. 

to be pleased with anything. 

to be grieved with pain. 

to rely upon any one. 

to be confounded with what 
one sees. 

to contaminate oneself with 
heresy. 

to recover from an illness. 

to be convinced of anything. 

to take care of any one. 



K 



98 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



D. 



Dar de comer, 
Decaer de la autoridad, 

Depender de alguno, 
Desavenirse unos de otros, 
Descargarse de la culpa, 
Descolgarse de los montes, 

Desdecir de su caracter, 
Desembarazarse de lo que es- 

torba, 
Desgajarse de los montes, 
Deshacerse de algo, 
Destrisarse de enfado, 
Dejar de escribir, 
Despedirse de alguno, 
Desquiciar a alguno de su 

poder, 
Dimanar de alguna cosa, 
Dolerse de lo mal hecho, 
Dotado de ciencia, 
Dudar de algo, 
Duro de intendimiento, 



to give to eat. 

to decrease from one's au- 
thority. 

to depend upon any one. 

to disagree with others. 

to free oneself from the fault. 

to descend from the moun- 
tains. 

to deviate from one's character. 

to get rid of what is trouble- 
some. 

to fall from the mountains. 

to get rid of something. 

to consume oneself with anger. 

to leave off writing. 

to take leave of any one. 

to deprive any one of his au- 
thority. 

to originate from something. 

to repent of a bad action. 

endowed with learning. 

to doubt of anything. 

difficult of comprehension. 



E. 



Enamorarse de alguna dama, 
Encargarse de algun negocio, 

Enfermar del pecho, 
Enterarse de alguna cosa, 

Entrar de alguna parte, 
Espantarse de alguna cosa, 
Estar de viage, 



to fall in love with a lady. 

to charge oneself with any 
business. 

to grow diseased in the chest. 

to be well-informed with any- 
thing. 

to enter into any part. 

to be terrified at anything. 

to be on a journey. 



F. 



Facil de digerir, 
Falto de dinero, 
Fasti diarse de algo, 
Fatigarse de algo, 
Favorecerse de alguien, 
Fuera de casa, 



easy to digest. 

in want of money. 

to be disgusted with any one. 

to be fatigued by anything. 

to be helped by any body. 

out of the house. 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



99 



G. 



Girar de una parte a otra, 
Gloriarse de algo, 
Gordo de talle, 
Gozar de alguna cosa, 
Grangear la voluntad de otro, 

Guardarse de lo malo, 
Guarecerse de alguna cosa, 
Guiado de alguno, 
Gustar de algo, 



to reel from one side to another, 
to boast of anything, 
fat or lusty, 
to enjoy anything, 
to gain the good-will of ano- 
ther, 
to guard oneself from evil, 
to take shelter from anything, 
guided by any one. 
to be fond of anything. 



H. 



Hacer de valiente, 
Hartarse de comida, 
Henchir el cantaro de agua, 
Herido de la injuria, 
Hervir un pueblo de gente, 



to pretend to courage. 

to gorge oneself with food. 

to fill the pitcher with water: 

hurt by injury. 

to be very populous. 



I. 



Impelido de la necesidad, 
Impetrar algo de alguno, 
Importunado de ruegos, 
Inapeable de su opinion, 
Inductivo de error, 
Infecto de heregia, 
Inficionado de viruelas, 



impelled by necessity. 

to obtain anything of any one. 

importuned with intreaties. 

obstinate in his opinion. 

leading to error. 

infected with heresy. 

infected with the small pox. 



Jactarse de alguna cosa, 
Justificarse de alguna cosa, 
Juzgar de alguna cosa, 



J. 



to boast of anything. 

to justify oneself of anything. 

to judge of anything. 



Lamentarse de algo, 
Lastimarse de alguno, 
Llevarse de alguna pasion, 



to lament for anything, 
to take pity on any one. 
to be carried away by passion. 



100 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



Maravillarse de algo, 
Mirar de lejos, 
Mofarse de alguno, 
Morirse de frio, 
Mudar de casa, 



M. 



to wonder at anything, 
to look at a distance, 
to make game of any one. 
to be starved with cold, 
to remove from one house to 
another. 



Nacer de alguna parte, 
Ninguno de los presentes, 



N. 



to come from any part, 
none of those who are present. 



O. 



Ocultar algo de alguno, 

Ofenderse de algo, 
Olvidarse de lo pasado, 
Ordenarse de sacerdote, 



to conceal anything from any 

one. 
to be offended at anything, 
to be forgetful of the past, 
to be ordained into the priest 

hood. 



P. 



Pagarse de buenas razones, 
Pasar de Sevilla, 
Pecar de necio, 
Perecer de hambre, 
Pertrecharse de lo necesario, 

Plagarse de granos, 
Poseido de temor, 
Precedido de alguno, 
Preocuparse de algo, 

Prescindir de algo, 
Presumir de docto, 
Provenir de otra cosa, 
Purgar de sospecha, 



to be satisfied with fair speeches 

to go further than Seville. 

to sin through ignorance. 

to perish with hunger. 

to be furnished with what is 
necessary. 

to be plagued with pimples. 

possessed with fear. 

preceded by any one. 

to be preoccupied with any- 
thing. 

to cut off from anything. 

to set up for a learned man. 

to proceed/row another cause. 

to clear from suspicion. 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



101 



Q. 



Quebrantarse de dolor, 
Quejarse de alguno, 
Quemarse de alguna palabra, 
Querellarse de alguno, 
Querido de todos, 
Quitar alguna cosa de alguna 

parte, 
Quitarse de quimeras, 



to be worn out with grief, 
to complain of any one. 
to be offended with a word, 
to complain of any one. 
beloved by every body, 
to take anything from any 

place, 
to free oneself from chimeras. 



R. 



Rabiar da hambre, 
Recatarse de alguno, 
Reirse de otro, 
Resbalarse de las manos, 
Restar una cantidad de otra, 

Reventar de risa, 



to rage with hunger, 
to be cautious of any one. 
to make a jest 0/ another, 
to slip away from the hands, 
to subtract one thing from 

another, 
to burst with laughter. 



Saber de memoria, 
Salir de algun peligro, 
Sanar de la enfermedad, 
Segregar a alguno de alguna 

parte, 
Sentirse de algo, 
Servirse de alguna cosa, 
Sincerarse de algo, 
Sitiado de enemigos, 
Sojuzgado de enemigos, 
Sospechar algo de alguno, 
Substraherse de la obediencia, 

Supeditado de los contrarios, 
Suplicar de la sentencia, 
Surtir de viveres, 
Sustentarse de esperanzas, 



to know anything by heart. 

to escape from danger. 

to recover from an illness. 

to separate any one from any 
side. 

to be sensible of anything. 

to make use of anything. 

to clear oneself from anything. 

besieged by enemies. 

subdued by enemies. 

to suspect any one of anything. 

to withdraw from subordina- 
tion. 

suppressed by the enemies. 

to petition against the sentence 

to supply with victuals. 

to sustain oneself with hopes. 



K2 



102 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



T. 



Tachar a alguno de ligero, 

Temblar de frio, 
Teiiir de azul, 
Tiritar de frio, 
Tocado de loco, 
Torcido de cuerpo, 
Triunfar de los enemigos, 



Uno de entre muchos, 
Usar de las armas, 



to accuse any one of incon- 
stancy, 
to tremble with cold, 
to dye in blue, 
to chill with cold, 
touched with madness, 
deformed of body, 
to triumph over the enemies. 



U. 



one amongst many, 
to make use of arms. 



V. 



Valerse de algo, 
Valerse de alguno, 



to avail oneself of anything. 

to make use of any one. 
Vanagloriarse de alguna cosa, to be puffed up with pride for 

anything. 
Vestirse de seda, to dress oneself in silk. 

Vivir de su oficio, to live by one's employment. 



Z. 



Zafarse de alguno, 



to avoid any one. 



191. — List of words requiring to be followed by the 
preposition en. 

The literal meaning of en, is in or within. 



Abrazarse en deseos, to be inflamed with desires. 

Abundar en or de riquezas, to abound in riches. 

Acaecer (algo) en tal tiempo, to happen at such a time. 

Acalorarse en la disputa, to grow warm in a dispute. 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



103 



Actuarse en los negocios, 
Aferarse en su opinion, 

Afirmarse en su dicho, 
Ahorcajarse en las espaldas, 
Andar en pleytos, 
Aovar en el nido, 
Aparar en la mano, 
Apresurarse en los negocios, 
Aprobarse en alguna facultad, 
Aquietarse en la disputa, 
Arder en amores, 
Arderse en quimeras, 
Atarse en inconvenientes, 
Atribularse en los trabajos, 
Atropellarse en las acciones, 



to be active in business. 

to be obstinate in one's own 

opinion, 
to affirm what has been said, 
to get upon another's back, 
to be litigious, 
to lay eggs in the nest, 
to receive with the hand, 
to be quick in business, 
to be approved in any faculty, 
to grow calm in the dispute, 
to burn with love, 
to be warm in a quarrel, 
to be embroiled in a dilemma, 
to be afflicted with pains, 
to overhasten in any action. 



B. 



Balancear en la duda, 
Bambolear en la maroma, 
Baiiarse en agua, 
Barar en tierra, 
Bastardear en acciones, 

Bullir por or en todas partes, 



to fluctuate in doubts, 
to dance on the rope, 
to bathe oneself in water, 
to run aground, 
to debase oneself by one's ac- 
tions, 
to move in all parts. 



C. 



Caber en la mano, 4 

Caer en tierra, 

Caer en error, 

Caer en lo que se dice, 

Caer en tal tiempo, 
Chapuzar algo en el agua, 
Comprometerse en arbitrios, 
Condenar en las costas, 
Consentir en algo, 
Contenerse en palabras, 
Crecer en virtudes, 
Cucharetear en todo, 



to be contained in the hand. 

to fall upon the ground. 

to fall into a mistake. 

to understand what is said of 

anything, 
to fall out at such a time, 
to sink anything in the water, 
to compromise by arbitration, 
to condemn in costs, 
to agree in anything, 
to be sparing in words, 
to increase in virtues, 
to meddle in everything. 



104 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



D. 



Descabezearse en alguna cosa, 
Desenfrenarse en vicios, 
Deshacerse en llanto, 
Distraherse en la conversation, 



to labour in vain, 
to abandon oneself to vice, 
to be dissolved in tears, 
to wander in conversation. 



E. 



Embobarse en algo, 
Embutir alguna cosa en otra, 
Empaparse en agua, 
Empeiiarse en algo, 
Encasquetarse en su opinion, 

Encenderse en ira, 
Enfrascarse en los negocios, 
Engolfarse en cosas grandes, 

Entremeterse en cosas de otro, 

Equivocarse en algo, 
Estampar en pap el, 



to wonder at anything. 

to inlay anything with another. 

to be quite wet. 

to engage oneself in anything. 

to be obstinate in one's opi- 
nion. 

to be kindled with anger. 

to be entangled in business. 

to be immersed in things of 
consequence. 

to meddle with another's af- 
fairs. 

to be mistaken in anything. 

to imprint on paper. 



Fijo en la pared, 
Fluctuar en la duda, 
Fundarse en la razon, 



F. 



fixed in the wall. 

to fluctuate between doubts. 

to be founded in reason. 



G. 

Guarecerse en alguna parte, to take shelter in any place. 



H. 



Habil en la ciencia, 
Hallarse en la fiesta, 
Hociar en tierra, 

Hundir algo en el agua, 



able in knowledge. 

to be present at a feast. 

to stumble at an inconve- 
nience. 

to plunge anything into the 
water. 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



105 



I, M, N, O. 



Imbuir a alguno en alguna cosa, 

Implicarse en algo, 
Indeciso en resolver, 
Influir en alguna cosa, 

Insertar algo en alguna cosa, 

Insistir en alguna cosa, 
Intervenir en las cosas, 
Invertir dinero en otro uso, 

Medirse en las palabras, 
Mesurarse en las acciones, 
Nadar en el rio, 
Nimio en el proceder, 
Obstinarse en alguna cosa, 
Ocuparse en estudiar, 



to instruct any one in any- 
thing. 

to intermeddle in anything. 

undecided in resolving. 

to have an influence over any- 
thing. 

to ingraft one thing on ano- 
ther. 

to insist upon anything. 

to interpose between things. 

to convert money to another 
use. 

to be moderate in words. 

to be cautious in one's actions. 

to swim in the river. 

over nice in actions. 

to be obstinate in anything. 

to occupy oneself with study. 



P. 



Pagar en dinero, 
Parar en casa, 
Parco en la comida, 
Permanecer en alguna parte, 
Poblar en buen puesto, 
Postrarse en cama, 
Presidir en algun tribunal, 
Proromper en lagrimas, 



to pay in cash, 
to stay at home, 
sparing in victuals, 
to remain in any place, 
to settle in a good situation, 
to be confined to one's bed. 
to preside in any tribunal, 
to burst into tears. 



Q, R. 



Quedarse en casa, 
Qdedarse en el sermon, 
Radicarse en la virtud, 
Rayar en virtud, 
Remirarse en alguna cosa, 

Residir en poblado, 
Revolcarse en los vicios, 
Rozarse en la conversacion, 



to stay at home, 
to stop short in a sermon, 
to be rooted in virtue, 
to excel in virtue, 
to examine oneself in any- 
thing, 
to reside in any town, 
to wallow in vices, 
to stammer in conversation. 



106 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



Sobresalir en lucimiento, 
Sonar alguna cosa en tal parte, 

Subsister en el dictamen, 
Sumirse en alguna parte, 
Superior en luces, 
Surgir la nave en el puerto, 
Suspenso en el aire, 



to surpass in splendour. 

to report anything in such a 

place, 
to be positive in an opinion, 
to sink anything in any place, 
superior in knowledge, 
to come to anchor in any port, 
suspended in the air. 



Templarse en comer, 
Tenerse en pie, 
Tocar en alguna cosa, 
Trabucarse en las palabras, 
Transferir algo en alguna per- 
sona, , 
Transfigurarse en otra cosa, 

Tropezar en alguna cosa, 



to be moderate in eating. 

to keep standing, or on foot. 

to touch upon anything. 

to mistake in one's words. 

to transfer anything to any 
person. 

to transfigure oneself into ano- 
ther thing. 

to stumble on anything. 



Vacilar en la conversacion, 
Violentarse en alguna cosa, 
Votar en el pleyto, 



V. 



to wander in conversation, 
to be violent in anything, 
to give one's opinion about the 
law suits. 



Zabullirse en agua, 
Zambucarse en alguna parte, 
Zampuzarse en el agua, 
Zozobrar en la tormenta, 



to plunge into the water, 
to hide oneself in any place, 
to dive into the water, 
to be afflicted with the storm. 



107 



192. — List of words requiring to be followed by 
the preposition con. 

The literal meaning of con, is with. 

A. 



Abocarse con los suyos, 

Abordar una nave con, or a 

otra, 
Abrirse con or a sus confi- 

dentes, 
Acertar con la casa, 
Aconsejarse con or de sabios, 
Acordarse con los contrarios, 
Airarse con alguno, 
Ajustarse con alguno, 

Alimentarse con poco, 
Alindar con otra heredad, 

Amancebarse con los libros, 
Amoroso con los suyos, 
Andar con el tiempo, 

Apechugar con alguna cosa, 

Apedrear con las palabras, 
Arroparse con la capa, 
Asesorarse con abogado, 
Atmar con or a la casa, 
Aunarse con otra, 
Avenirse con otro, 



Batallar con los enemigos, 
Bregar con otro, 
Brindar con regalos, 



to confer with ones friends, 
relations, or own party. 

to approach one ship to ano- 
ther. 

to unbosom oneself to one's 
confidents. 

to find the house. 

to be advised by wise men. 

to agree with one's opponents. 

to grow angry with any one. 

to arrange or settle with any 
one. 

to subsist upon little. 

to be contiguous to another's 
estate. 

to be fond of books. 

to be kind to one's relations. 

to accommodate oneself to the 
times. 

to undertake anything with 
spirit. 

to be foul-mouthed. 

to cover oneself with a cloak. 

to seek advice from a lawyer. 

to hit upon the house. 

to unite oneself with another. 

to agree with another. 



B. 



to fight with the enemies, 
to quarrel with any one. 
to offer presents to any one. 



108 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



Cambiar con otro, 
Cansarse con el trabajo, 
Casar una cosa con otra, 

Cautivar a alguno con favores, 

Chancearse con alguno, 
Chorar una cosa con otra, 

Colegarse con alguno, 
Combinar unas cosas con otras, 
Comutar algo con otra cosa, 

Compatible con la justicia, 
Componerse con los dendores, 
Concertar una coso con otra, 
Concordar una copia con el 

original, 
Confabularse con los contrarios, 
Confederarse con alguno, 
Conferir una cosa con otra, 

Conformarse con el tiempo, 
Confrontar una cosa con otra, 

Congeniar con alguno, 
Congratularse con sus amigos, 

Consolarse con los suyos, 

Cuadrar alguna cosa con otra, 



to excbange with another. 

to fatigue oneself with labor. 

to couple one thing with ano- 
ther. 

to overcome any one with 
favors. 

to jest with any one. 

to drive one thing against ano- 
ther. 

to fight against any one. 

to combine things with others. 

to exchange one thing for 
another. 

compatible with justice. 

to compound with debtors. 

to adjust one thing to another. 

to make the copy agree with 
the original. 

to converse with ones enemies. 

to ally oneself to any one. 

to compare one thing with 
another. 

to conform oneself to the time. 

to confront one thing with 
another. 

to be congenial to any one. 

to congratulate oneself with 
one's friends. 

to comfort oneself with one's 
relations. 

to fit one thing to another. 



D. 



Dar con alguno, 
Deleytarse con la vista, 

Desabrirse con alguno, 

Desahogarse con alguno, 

Descomponerse con alguno, 
Desvergonzarse con alguno, 



to meet with any one. 

to please oneself with the 

sight, 
to be at variance with any 

body, 
to communicate one's trouble 

to another, 
to disagree with another, 
to take liberties with another. 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



109 



E. 



Emparejar con alguno, 
Emparentar con gente ilustre, 

Enconarse con alguno, 
Estrecharse con cada uno, 



to be equal with another, 

to be connected with illustrious 

families, 
to be enraged at any one. 
to make oneself intimate with 

everybody. 



Fiel con sus amigos, 
Frisar uno con otro, 



F. 



faithful to one's friends, 
to assimilate one thing with 
another. 



G. H. 

Guarnecer alguna cosa con to garnish one thing with ano- 

otra, ther. 

Habitar con alguno, to dwell with any one. 

Hermanar una cosa con otra, to agree one thing with ano- 
ther. 

Holgarse con algo, to rejoice at anything. 



i, j. 



Igual con otro, 
Igualar una cosa con otra, 
Indisponer a uno con otro, 
Interpolar unas cosas con otras, 

Interponerse con alguno, 
Introducirse con los que man- 
dan, 
Juffar una cosa con otra, 
Juntar una cosa con otra, 



equal to another. 

to equal one thing with another. 

to indispose one with another. 

to mingle one thing with ano- 
ther. 

to interfere with any one. 

to introduce oneself to those 
in command. 

to bet one thing with another. 

to join one thing to another. 



Lidiar con alguno, 
Luchar con alguno, 
Ludir una cosa con otro, 



to quarrel with another, 
to wrestle ivith another, 
to rub one thing against ano- 
ther. 



110 



OP PREPOSITIONS. 



M. 



Ma^quitarse con alguno, 
Mancomunarse con otros, 
Matizar con colores, 
Molestar a alguno con visitas, 



to break with another. 

to herd with others. 

to shade with colors. 

to molest any one with visits. 



Motivar a alguno con razones, to persuade any one by rea- 
sons. 



N, O, P. 



Nacer con fortuna, 
Oprimir a otro con el poder, 
Pagar con palabras, 
Paladearse con alguna cosa, 

Paliar algo con otra cosa, 

Pararse con alguno, 
Portarse con decencia, 

Privar con alguno, 



to be born lucky. 

to oppress another by power. 

to pay with words. 

to please one's palate with 
anything. 

to palliate one thing with ano- 
ther. 

to make a stay with any one. 

to conduct oneself with de- 
cency. 

to be intimate with any one. 



Q, R. 

Razonar con alguno, to reason with any one. 

Recompensar agravios con to reward ingratitude with 

beneficios, benefits. 

Rozarse una cosa con otra, to rub one thing with another. 



S, T. 
Sobrellevar los trabajos con to undergo labors with pa- 



paciencia, 
Sufrir los trabajos con pacien- 

cia, 
Trabar una cosa con otra, 
Tratar con alguno, 
Travesear con alguno, 

Trocar una cosa con otra, 



tience. 
to suffer troubles with patience. 

to join one thing with another. 

to treat with any one. 

to behave improperly towards 
another. 

to change one thing for ano- 
ther. 



OF PREPOSITIONS. Ill 

U, V, Z. 

Unir una cosa con otra, to unite one thing with another 

Utilizarse con alguna cosa, to make advantage of any- 

thing. 
Venir con alguno, to come with any one. 

Vivir con alguno, to live with any one. 

Zapatearse con alguno, to make a noise with another. 

193. Whenever the word following the word 
with in English, expresses the cause or means by 
which an action takes place, it is rendered by de 
in Spanish ; the test is, when you can render the 
word ivith, by (( by through , by means of" &c. 

EXAMPLES. 

To perish with hunger ; Perecer de hambre ; 

That is, through or by hunger, &c. 

To burst with laughter ; Reventar de risa ; 

That is, by means of, through or by, laughter, &c. 

But, whenever it comes before an instrument with 
which an action is performed, it remains con. 

To give a blow with a stick ; Dar un golpe con un palo. 
To shade with colors ; Matizar con colores. 



194. — List of words requiring to be followed by 
« Por. 

Por has five meanings ; by> through, for, in order 
to, and for the sake of 

A. 

Abogar por alguno, to plead for any one. 

Andar por tierra, to be overthrown. 



112 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



Anhelar por, or a mayor for- to wish for a better fortune. 

tuna, 

Asomarse por, or a la ventana, to look out at the window. 

Atufarse por, or de poco, to be affronted at a trifle. 



B, C. 



Balar por dinero, 
Bullir por, or en todas partes, 
Caminar por Francia, 
Caminar por el monte, 
Clamar por dinero, 
Clamorear por los muertos, 
Conjeturar algo por senales, 
Constar por testimonios, 



to wish for money, 
to move in all parts, 
to travel through France, 
to walk by the mountain, 
to cry out for money, 
to toll a bell for the dead, 
to conjecture anything by signs 
to appear by evidence. 



Declararse por tal partido, 

Disgustarse por algo, 
Echar algo por tierra^ 

Empeilarse por alguno, 
Encaramarse por la pared, 



D, E. 



to declare oneself for such a 

party, 
to be disgusted with anything, 
to throw anything on the 

ground, 
to solicit for any one. 
to ascend by the wall. 



G. 



Girar por tal parte, 
Guiarse por alguno, 
Guindarse por la pared, 



to reel dh such a side. 

to guide oneself by such a one. 

to descend by the wall. 



H, I, M. 



Kacer por alguno, 
Invadido por los contraries, 
Ir por pan, 
Ir por el camino, 
Mediar por alguno, 
Mirar por alguno, 



to do for any one. 

invaded by the enemies. 

to go for bread. 

to go in the way. 

to mediate for any one. 

to look for any one. 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



113 



Piar por algo, 
Procurar por alguno, 



P. 



to long for anything. 

to look for or procure for any 



Quedar por andar, 
Quemarse por alguna cosa, 

Romper por alguna parte, 



Q, R. 

to have to walk further. 

to be burning with eagerness 

for anything. 
to break in any place. 



Sacrificarse por alguno, 

Satisfacer por la injuria, 

Substituir, or sustituir por al- 
guno, 
Suspirar por el mando, 



to sacrifice oneself for any- 
thing. 

to make satisfaction for an 
injury. 

to substitute for another. 

to aspire after command. 



Tener a uno por otro, 
Transitar por alguna parte, 
Transpirar por todas partes, 



Vagar por el mundo, 
Volar por el aire, 
Volver por la verdad, 
Votar por alguno, 



to take one for another. 

to pass by any place. 

to transpire on every side. 



V. 



to wander through the world, 
to fly through or in the air. 
to be a defender of the truth, 
to vote for any one. 



See remarks on Por and Para, at the foot of 
the next list, No. 196. 



l2 



114 



195. — List of words requiring to be followed by 
Para. 

Para is rendered by for, in order to, for the 
purpose of for the use or benefit of — (See below, 
No. 198.) 



Aparejarse para el trabajo, 
Apropriado para el oficio, 
Aviarse para partir, 



to prepare oneself for work, 
appropriated for the office, 
to prepare for a journey. 



Benefico para la salud, 
Bueno para todo, 



B. 



beneficial to health, 
good for every thing. 



fit to do anything, 
capable of one's employment. 
Catequizar (a alguno) para to suborn any one for one's 
el designio, purpose. 



Capaz para todo, 
Capaz para su empleo, 



D, E, F. 



Destinar algo para tal cosa, 

Estar para partir, 
Favorable para todos, 



to destine something for such 

an end. 
to be ready to set out. 
favorable to all. 



H,I. 

Habilitar a uno para alguna to enable any one for any- 

cosa, thing, 

Idoneo para todo, fit for anything. 

Inhabil^ara el empleo, unfit for the employment. 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 115 



N. 

Nacer para el trabajo, to be born to labor. 

Nombrar a alguno para un to nominate any one to any 
empleo, employment. 

P, u, V. 

Partir para, or a Francia, to depart for France. 

Proporcionarse para algo, to fit oneself for anything. 

Util para tal cosa, useful for such a thing. 

Visible para todos, visible to all. 



196. — Observations on the Prepositions Por and 
Para. 

Both these words answer to the English "For" 
yet the respective use of each is distinct and de- 
fined. 

197. Whenever you can render the word For 

1. "In exchange of,"l 

2. " Instead of," [-render it by Por. 

3. "For the sake of," J 

198. Whenever you can render it by 

« 4. " For the purpose of," >. 

5. "For the use or benefit of," (render it 

6. "In order to," f by Para. 

7. " With a view of," or " to," J 

1. Vend! mi caballo por cien I sold my horse for £100; (I 
libras; give it in exchange for 

£100.) 



116 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



2. Tomo a vd. por su her- 

mano; 

3. Lo har& por ella ; 



4. " Para lo que yo le quiero 

tanta filosofia sabe, y mas 
que Aristoteles." — (Don 
Quixote.) 

5. Compre un caballo para mi 

hijo. 

6. Senora, el cielo os ha envi- 

ado, un libertador; le- 
vantaos para seguirme. — 
(Gil Blas.) 

7. Se determino para poder 

alcanzar sus deseos, de 
darle palabra. — (Don 
Quixote.) 



He took you for your brother ; 
(instead of your brother.) 

I will do it for her; (for the 
sake of her ; for her 
sake.) 

For what I want him he has 
as much and more philo- 
sophy than Aristotle ; 
(the purpose for which I 
want him, &c.) 

I have bought a horse for my 
son ; (for the use or bene- 
fit, &c.) 

Madam, — Heaven has sent 
you a deliverer; rise to 
follow me ; (in order to 
follow ; for the purpose of 
following me, &c.) 

He determined (with a view 
of obtaining, or in order 
to obtain) his wishes, to 
pledge his word. 



Were we, in the above examples, to substitute 
Por for Para, and so in the English translations, 
it would become complete nonsense. 



199. — The following words require to be followed 
by Contra; 

The literal meaning of which is Against. 



Combatir contra alguno, 
Conspirar contra alguno, "1 
Conjurarse contra alguno,/ 



to fight against any one. 
to conspire against any one. 



OF PREPOSITIONS. 



117 



Indignarse contra algo, 
Ir contra alguno, 
Maquinar contra alguna, 
Pegar contra la pared, 
Proceder contra alguno, 
Pujar contra la dificultad, 
Proejar contra las olas, 



to be angry at something, 
to go against any one. 
to machinate against any one. 
to beat against the wall, 
to proceed against any one. 
to strive against difficulty, 
to row against the waves. 



200.— The following require to be followed by 
Sobre; 

Literal meaning, On, Upon, and Over. 



Caer sobre Jos enemigos, 
Contender sobre tal cosa, 
Deliberar sobre tal cosa, 
Disputar sobre algo, 
Opinar sobre alguna cosa, 
Reclinarse sobre algo, 
Velar sobre alguna cosa, 
Vigilar sobre los subditos, 



to fall upon the enemies, 
to dispute upon such a subject, 
to deliberate upon anything, 
to dispute on something, 
to hold an opinion on anything, 
to lean upon anything, 
to watch over anything, 
to watch over the subjects. 



201. From the examples contained in the pre- 
ceding lists, it will be seen that the English prepo- 
sition On, is often rendered by En. 



202. — The following require Entre after them ; 

Its meanings are Between, Among, and 
Amongst. 

Partir entre algo amigos, to share among or between 

friends. 
Repartir algo entre muchos, to divide anything among many 
Ultimo entre todos, the last of all. 

Uno de entre muchos, one from amongst many. 



118 



203. — The following require to be followed by 
Hacia; 

The literal meaning of which is Towards. 



Bajar hacia el valle, 
Caer hacia el norte, 
Ir de Madrid hacia Cadiz, 
Retroceder hacia tal parte, 



to descend towards the valley, 
to fall northwards, 
to go from Madrid to Cadiz, 
to recede towards such a place. 



204<.—Hasta, Till or Until. 
Durar hasta la muerte, to last till death. 

205.— Tras, Behind. 
Ir tras de alguno, to go behind any one. 



OF CONJUNCTIONS. 

206. Certain Conjunctions require other Con- 
junctions after them; such as 



Afin de que, In order that ; 
A menos que, Unless ; 
Antes que, Before ; 
Antes de, Previous to ; 
Aun que, Although ; 
Por temor que, For fear ; lest ; 
Es menester que, It is neces- 
sary that ; 

207. The following Conjunctions require the 
Verb following them to be in the Infinitive Mood : 



Basta que, Provided that ; 
Desde que, Since ; 
Hasta que, Until ; till ; 
Cuando que, When ; 
Porque, Because ; 

^^) Since; whereas; 
Ya que, J 

Luego que, As soon as ; 



Afin de, In order to ; 
A menos de, Unless ; 
Antes de, Before ; 
En lugar de, Instead of; 
Lejos de, Far from ; 



Por falta de, For want of; 
Hasta, Till ; 
Antes de, Rather than ; 
Por temor de, For fear of. 



OF CONJUNCTIONS. 



119 



208. The following Conjunctions require the 
Verb which comes after them to be in the Sub- 
junctive Mood : 



Afin que, In order that ; 
A menos que, Unless ; 
Antes que, Before ; 
En caso que, In case ; 
Bien que, Though ; 
For temor que, For fear; lest; 
Para que, In order that ; 
Supuesto que, If; 
Como que, Though ; 
Hasta que, Till ; until ; 
For lo que, As ; for ; 

C For all that; 
No obstante que, < Notwith- 

(_ standing ; 

209. All Impersonal Verbs, followed by que, 
require the following Verb to come in the Sub- 
junctive Mood: 

Es menester que vaya ; It is necessary that he go. 

210. Verbs expressing hope, desire, wish, or 
command, followed by que, require the following 
Verb in the Subjunctive Mood : 



No que, Not that ; 

Puesto que, Suppose that ; 

a j- - j f Provided 

A condicion de que, < .-. , 

Sin que, Without ; 

Supuesto que, Granting that ; 

Sea que, Whether ; 

Plegue a Dios que, Would to 

God that ; 
For (poco, 8fc.) que, However, 

(little, &c. ;) 
For que, In order that ; 
Luego que, As soon as. 



Espero que venga; 
Queria que lo hiciera ; 



I hope he may come. 
I wished him to do it. 



211. The following Conjunctions require the 
Verb following them to be in the Indicative Mood : 



Po\ que, Because ; 

Asi, Thus ; 

Asi que, As ; 

En verdad, 1 

De veras, J 

Entanto que, However ; 

For que, For ; 

For esto, Therefore ; 



- Indeed ; 



Sobre que, Whereupon ; 
C Whilst; 

Entretanto, < In the mean- 
ly time ; 

Aunque, Although ; 

Sobre todo, Especially; 

Tanto que, As long as; 

For cuanto, For as much as ; 



120 



OF CONJUNCTIONS. 



Como, As ; 
Mas, Besides ; 
*Y, e, And; 
En efeeto, Indeed; 
Enfin, In short ; 
Despues, Afterwards ; 
Despues que, After; 
A lo menos, At least ; 
Asi, tambien, Also; 
Tambien como, As well as; 
Luego que, As soon as ; 
Ademas, Besides; moreover; 
Tanto que, As much ; 
Segun que, According as ; 
For entonces, Then ; 
Por que, Why; 

f However ; 
No obstante, I Notwithstand- 

L in g; 

Desde, Since; 
Pues que, Since ; 
Cuando, When ; 



De manera que, So that ; 

Desde que, Since ; 

Mas, Moreover; 

Pues, Then; 

Segun, According to ; 

*Si, If; 

Si bien, So that ; 

Si no fuera que, Were it not 

that ; 
Si no, Else ; 

Al instante que, As soon as ; 
No obstante que, However ; 
Ademas, Moreover; 
Pero, But; 

Sin embargo^ otwithstSLYiding ; 
Con todo eso, Nevertheless ; 
Ni, Nor; 
No mas, Neither ; 
*0, u, Or ; 

Mientras, While ; whilst ; 
No que, Not that ; - 
Hast a, Till ; until. 



212.* E is used for " and" vthen the word pre- 
ceding it ends, or the word following it commences, 
with i or y, Hi or Hy. 

213.* ?7is used for " or" when the word preced- 
ing it ends, or the word following it commences, 
with o or Ho. 

214.* Si Generally requires the Verb following 
it, to come in the Imperfect or Future of the Sub- 
junctive Mood. 



OF INTERJECTIONS. 

A list of these will be given hereafter, No. 



* To exemplify all these conjunctions would swell the present 
work too much. Their use is easily learnt in practice. 



121 



215.-LIST OF THE IRREGULAR VERBS, 



ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. 



Aborrecer, 

Absolver, 

Abstraher, 

Acaecer, 

Acertar, 

Acordar, 

Acordarse, 

Acrecentar, 

Acostarse, 

Adestrar, 

Adherir, 

Adolecer, 

Adormecer, 

Advertir, 

Agradecer, 

Alentar, 

Alentarse, 

Almorzar, 

Amanecer, to 

Amolar, 

Amortecerse, 

Andar, 

Anochecer, 

Antepensar, 

Anteponer, 

Antever, 

Apacentar, 

Aparecer, 

Apercibir, 

Apetecer, 

Apostar, 

Aprobar, 

Arrendar, 

Arrepentirse, 

Asentar, 

Aserrar, 



to hate. See No. 63. 
to absolve. See No. VI. ; pass, part., Absuelto. 

to abstract. See Traher. 

to happen, (impersonal.) — Aborrecer. 

to hit the aim. — No, I. 

to agree. — No. V. 

to remember. — No. II. 

to grow or increase. — Acertar. 

to go to bed. — No. II. 
to make oneself fit for anything. See Acertar. 

to adhere> to. See Herir. 

to grow sick. — Aborrecer. 

to fall asleep. — ditto, 

to warn. — Adherir. 

to acknowledge or thank. — Aborrecer. 

to encourage. — Acertar. 

to take courage. — No. II. 

to breakfast. — Acordar. 
begin to be daylight, (impersonal.)See Aborrecer. 

to wet. See Acordar. 

to lose courage. — Aborrecer. 

to go. — No. III. 

to grow dark, (impersonal.) — Aborrecer. 

to meditate. — Acertar. 

to prefer. — Poner. 

to foresee. — Ver. 

to lead sheep to grass, — Acertar. 

to appear. — Aborrecer. 

to perceive. — Pedir. 

to wish, to long for. — Aborrecer. 

to lay a wager. — Acordar. 

to approve. — ditto, 

to let to a tenant. — Acertar. 

to repent. — Adherir. 

to register. — Acertar. 

to saw. — ditto. 
M 



122 



ALPHABETICAL LIST OF 



Asentir, 

Asestar, 

A solar, 

Asoldar, 

Atender, 

Atener, 

Atentar, 

Aterecerse, 

Aterrar, 

Atestar, 

Atraer, 

Atravesar, 

Avenir, 

Avenirse, 

Aventar, 

Avergonzar, 

Avergonzarse, 

Bendecir, 

Caber, 

Caer, 

Calentar, 

Canecer, 

Carecer, 

Cegar, 

Cenir, 

Cenirse, 

Cerner, 

Cimentar, 

Cocer, 

Colar, 

Colejir, 

Colgar, 

Comedir, 

Comedirse, 

Coxnenzar, 

Compadecerse, 

Comparecer, 

Competir, 

Complacer, 

Componer, 

Comprobar, 

Concebir, 

Concerner, 



to consent. 


See Herir. 


to aim or point at. 


— 


Acertar. 


to pull down, to destroy. 


— 


Acordar. 


to furnish one with money. 


— 


ditto. 


to consider. 


— 


Entender. 


to walk even with another. 


— 


Tener. 


to feel with the hand. 


— i 


A certar. 


to be benumbed with cold. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


to throw down. 


— 


Acertar. 


to fill up. 


— 


ditto. 


to draw in. 


— 


Traer. 


to pierce or bore. 


— 


Acertar. 


to arrive. 


— 


Venir. 


to agree together. 


— 


ditto. 


to fa'n. 


— 


Acertar. 


to make one ashamed. 


— 


Acordar. 


to be ashamed. 


— 


ditto. 


to bless. 


— 


No. XXII. 


to be contained. 


. — 


No. VIL 


to fall. 


— 


No. VIII. 


to warm. 


— 


Acertar. 


to grow grey. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


to have need. 


— 


ditto. 


to become blind. 


— 


Acertar. 


to girdle. 


— 


Pedir. 


to girdle oneself. 


— 


ditto. 


to bolt or lift. 


— 


Entender. 


to cement. 


— 


Acertar. 


to bake. 


— 


No. IX. 


to strain a liquor. 


— 


Acordar. 


to gather. See Pedir, also No. 62. 


to hang up. 


See Acordar. 


to reflect or think. 


— 


Pedir. 


to become polite. 


— 


ditto. 


to begin. 


— 


Acertar. 


to have pity. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


to appear. 


— 


ditto. 


to come in. 


— 


Pedir. 


to please one. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


to compose. 


— 


Poner. 


to prove, to confirm. 


— 


Acordar. 


to conceive. 


— 


Pedir. 


to concern. 


— 


Entender. 



THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 



123 



Concertar, 

Concordar, 

Condescender, 

Condoler, 

Conducir, 

Pret. 

Imp. 

Fut. 
Conferir, 
Confesar, 
Conmover, 
Conocer, 
Conseguir, 
Consentir, 
Consolar, 
Consonar, 
Constrenir, 
Contar, 
Contener, 
Contender, 
Contradecir, 



to concert. 

to conciliate. 

to condescend. 

to sympathise. 

to lead. 
Indie, Conduje, &c. 
Subj., Condujera, or Conduj 
Subj., Conduj ere, &c. 

to confer. 

to confess. 

to disturb. 

to know. 

to obtain. 

to consent. 

to comfort. 

to be in good intelligence. 

to constrain. 

to cast up, to reckon. 

to contain. 

to contest. 

to contradict. 



See Acertar. 

— Acordar. 

— Entender. 

— Absolver. 

— No. 64. 

ese, &c. 

See Adherir. 

— Acertar. 

— Entender. 

— Aborrecer. 

— Pedir. 

— Adherir. 

— Acordar. 

— ditto. 

— Pedir. 

— Acordar. 

— Tener. 

— Entender. 

— Decir. 



Contrahacer, 

Contraer, 

Contravenir, 

Contravertir, 

Convalecer, 

Convenir, 

Convertir, 

Corregir, 

Costar, 

Crecer, 

Cubrir, 

Dar, 

Dfcir, 

Defender, 

Deferir, 

Deducir, 

Degollar, 

Demoler, 

Demostrar, 

Deponer, 

Denegar, 



■This last verb differs from dedr only in the second person singular of the 
Imperative, making contradice instead of contradi. 

to counterfeit. See Hacer. 

to contract, — Traer. 

to act contrary. — Venir. 

to argue. — Adherir. 



to recover from illness. 


— Aborrecer. 


to agree. 




— Venir. 


to convert. 




— Adherir. 


to correct. 




— Pedir. 


to cost. 




— Acordar. 


to grow. 




— Aborrecer. 


to cover. 


Particip. 


passive, Cubierto, 


to give. 




See No. IV. 


to say. 




— ditto. 


to defend. 




— i Entender. 


to condescend. 




— Adherir. 


to deduct. 




— Conducir. 


to behead. 




— Acordar. 


to demolish. 




— Absolver. 


to demonstrate. 




— Acordar. 


to depose or remove. 


— Poner. 


to deny. 




— Acertar. 



124 



ALPHABETICAL LIST OF 



Denostar, 


to use any one ill. 


See Acordar. 


Derrengar, 


to sprain the hip. 


— Acertar. 


Derretir, 


to melt. 


— Pedir. 


Desacertar, 


to err or mistake. 


— Acertar. 


Desacordar, 


to be discordant. 


— Acordar. 


Desadormecer, 


to awake. 


— Aborrecer. 


Desalentar, 


to discourage. 


— Acertar. 


Desaparecer, 


to disappear. 


— Aborrecer. 


Desapretar, 


to make loose. 


— Acertar. 


Desaprobar, 


to disapprove. 


— Acordar. 


Desasosegar, 


to disquiet or vex. 


— Acertar. 


Desatender, 


not to pay attention. 


— Entender. 


Desatravesar, 


to disentangle. 


— Acertar. 


Desavenir, 


to be of a contrary opinion. 


— Venir. 


Descaecer, 


to lose one's strength. 


— Aborrecer. 


Descender, 


to come down. 


— Entender. 


Decenir, 


to ungirdle. 


— Pedir. 


Decimentar, 


to undermine the foundations — Acertar. 


Descolgar, 


to take down. 


— Acordar. 


Descollar, 


to surpass, to be taller. 


— ditto. 


Descomedirse, 


to grow impolite. 


— Pedir. 


Descomponer, 


to disorder. 


— Poner. 


Desconsentir, 


not to consent. 


— Adherir. 


Desconcertar, 


to confound. 


— Acertar. 


Besconocer, 


to disown. 


— Aborrecer. 


Descon solar, 


to afflict. 


— Acordar. 


Descontar, 


to discount. 


— ditto. 


Descubrir, 


to discover. Participle passive, Descubierto, 


Desdecir, 


to give the lie. 


See Decir. 


The second person singular of the Imperative Mood of this Verl 


), makes desdice, lie thou. 


Desempedrar, 


to unpave. 


See Acertar. 


Desencerrar, 


to set at liberty. 


— ditto. 


Desengrosar, 


to extenuate. 


— Acordar. 


Desentender. 


not to be willing to hear. 


— Entender, 


Desenterrar, 


to unbury. 


— Acertar. 


Desenvolver, 


to unwrap. 


— Absolver. 


Deservir, 


to hurt. 


— Pedir. 


Desfallecer, 


to faint. 


— Aborrecer. 


Desflaquecer, 


to languish. 


— Aborrecer. 


Desflocar, 


to ravel. 


— Acordar. 


Desguarnecer, 


to unfurnish. 


— Aborrecer. 


Deshelar, 


to thaw. 


— Acertar. 


Deshacer, 


to undo. 


— Hacer. 



THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 



125 



Desherrar, to take away the fetters. See Acertar. 

Desleir, to dilute. — Pedir. 

Deslucir, to darken. — Subir. 

Deslucir, to varnish. — No. 64. 

The other tenses are regular, and conjugated like subir. 



Desmembrar, 


to dismember. 


See Acertar. 


Desmentir, 


to contradict. 


— 


Adherir. 


Desobedecer, 


to disobey. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


Desollar, 


to skin. 


— 


A cordar. 


Despedir, 


to send away. 


— 


Pedir. 


Despedirse, 


to take leave. 


— 


ditto. 


Despedrar, 


to take away the stones 


— 


Acertar. 


Despernar, 


to cut off the legs. 


— 


ditto. 


Despertar, 


to awake. See 


Acertar, also No. 168. 


Desplacer, 


to displease. 


See Placer. 


Desplegar, 


to display. 


— 


Acertar, 


Despoblar, 


to unpeople. 


, — , 


ditto. 


Destenir, 


to discolour. 


— ■ 


Pedir. 


Desterrar, 


to banish. 


— 


Acertar. 


Destorcer, 


to untwist. 


— 


Cocer. 


Destrocar, 


to undo an exchange. 


— 


Acordar. 


Desvanecerse, 


to fall in a swoon. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


Desvergonzarse, to lose one's shame. 


— 


Acordarse. 


Detener, 


to detain. 


— 


Tener. 


Detraer, 


to detract. 


— 


Traer. 


Devolver, 


to return or send back. 


— 


Absolver. 


Dezmar, 


to decimate or tithe. 


— 


Acertar. 


Diferir, 


to delay. 


— 


Adherir. 


Digerir, 


to digest. 


— 


ditto. 


Disentir, 


to dissent. 


— 


ditto. 


Disolver, 


to dissolve. 


— 


Absolver. 


Disponer, 


to dispose. 


— 


Poner. 


Distraer, 


to distract. 


— 


Traer. 


Divertir, 


to divert. 


— 


Adherir. 


Dofer, 


to feel pain. 


— 


Absolver. 


Dolerse, 


to feel for people's pain. 


— 


Absolver. 


Dormir, 


to sleep. 


■ — 


No. XXV. 


Elegir, 


to elect or choose. See Pedir, also No. 62. 


Embravecerse, 


to become furious. 


See 


) Aborrecer. 


Embrutecerse, 


to become brutish. 


— 


ditto. 


Emendar, or Enmendar, to rectify. 


— 


Acertar. 


Empedrar, 


to pave. 


— 


ditto. 


Empezar, 


to begin. 

m2 


~~^ 


ditto. 



126 



ALPHABETICAL LIST OF 



Emplumecer, 


to begin to have feathers. 


See Aborrecer 


Empobrecer, 


to grow poor, 


— 


ditto. 


Emporcar, 


to dirt. 


— 


Acordar. 


Encabellecerse 


, to begin to be hairy. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


Encalvecer, 


to become bald. 


— 


ditto. 


Encanecer, 


to be grey-haired by old age 




ditto. 


Encarecer, 


to raise the price. 


— 


ditto. 


Encender, 


to light a fire. 


— 


Entender. 


Encensar, 


to cense. 


— 


Acertar. 


Encerrar, 


to shut in. 


— 


ditto. 


Encomendar, 


to recommend. 


— 


ditto. 


Encontrar, 


to meet. 


— 


Acordar. 


Encordar, 


to put cords to an instrument. — 


ditto. 


Encrudecerse, 


to become cruel. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


Encrudecer, 


to irritate. 


— 


ditto. 


Encubertar, to 


cover with a blanket. See Acertar, also No. 168. 


Endentecer, 


to breed teeth. 


See Aborrecer. 


Endurecer, 


to grow hard. 


— 


ditto. 


Enflaquecer, 


to grow lean. 


— 


ditto. 


Enfurecerse, 


to become furious. 


— 


ditto. 


Engrandecer, 


to grow or enlarge. 


— 


ditto. 


Engreirse, 


to adorn oneself. 


— 


Pedir. 


Engrosar, 


to grow big. 


— 


Acordar. 


Enloquecer, 


to become mad. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


Enlucir, 


to whiten with plaster. 


— 


Deslucir. 


Enmocecer, 


to grow young again. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


Enmohecerse, 


to grow mouldy. 


— 


ditto. 


Enmudecer, 


to grow dumb, or be silent. 


— 


ditto. 


Ennegrecer, 


to grow black or brown. 


— 


ditto. 


Ennoblecer, 


to ennoble. 


— 


ditto. 


Enrarecer, 


to become rare. 


— 


ditto. 


Enriquecer, 


to grow rich. 


— 


ditto. 


Enrodar, 


to break upon the wheel. 


— 


Acordar. 


Ensangrentar, 


to make bloody. 


— 


Acertar. 


Ensoberbecerse 


, to grow proud. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


Entender, 


to comprehend. 


— 


No.X. 


Enternecer, 


to move to pity. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


Enterrar, 


to bury. 


— 


Acertar. 


Entumecer, 


to swell. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


Entontecer, 


to grow stupid. 


— 


ditto. 


Entorpecerse, 


to become lazy. 


— 


ditto. 


Entreoir, 


to hear imperfectly. 


— 


Oir. 


Entretener, 


to entertain. 


— 


Tener. 



THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 



127 



Entristecer, 


to vex. 


See Aborrecer. 


Envejecer, 


to grow old. 


— 


ditto. 


Enverdecer, 


to paint in green, 


— 


ditto. 


Envestir, 


to invest. 


— 1 


Pedir. 


Envolver, 


to wrap up. 


— 


Absolver. 


Equivaler, 


to be of equal value. 


— 


Valer. 


Erguir 


to raise. 


— 


No. XXVI. 


Errar, 


to err or mistake. 


— 


Acertar. 


Escalentar, 


to warm. 


— 


ditto. 


Escarmentar, 


to give a warning. 


— 


ditto. 


Escarnecer, 


to mock one. 


. — 


Aborrecer. 


Esclarecer, 


to clear up. 


— 


ditto. 


Escocer, 


to itch painfully. 


— 


Cocer. 


Escribir, 


to write ; Part., Escrito. 






Esforzar, 


to animate or encourage. 


— 


Acordar. 


Espavorecer, 


to affright. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


Establecer, 


to establish. 


— 


ditto. 


Estercolar, 


to dung. 


— 


Acertar. 


Estregar, 


to scour. 


— 


ditto. 


Estremecerse, 


to tremble. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


Estreilir, 


to lie close. 


— 


Pedir. 


Expedir, 


to dispatch. 


— 


ditto. 


Exponer, 


to expose. 


— 


Poner. 


Extender, 


to spread. 


— 


Entender. 


Extraer, 


to extract. 


— 


Traer. 


Fallecer, 


to die. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


Favorecer, 


to favour. 


— 


ditto. 


Fenecer, 


to terminate. 


— 


ditto. 


Fortalecer, 


to fortify. 


— 


ditto. 


Forzar, 


to force. 


— 


Acordar. 


Fregar, to rub one thing against another. 


, — 


Acertar. 


Freir, 


to fry, Part, frito, the rest like Pedir. 


Gemir, 


to groan or lament. 


See ditto. 


Gobernar, 


to govern. 


— 


Acertar. 


Cruarnecer, 


to furnish. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


Haber, 


to have. See 


! Auxiliary Verbs= 


Hacer, 


to do. 


See No. XI. 


Heder, 


to stink. 


— 


Entender. 


Helar, 


to freeze. 


— 


Acertar. 


Hender, 


to cleave or split. 


— 


Entender. 


Herir, 


to wound. 


— 


Adherir. 


H errar, 


to bind about with iron work 


. — 


Acertar. 


Hervir, 


to boil. 


— 


Adherir. 



128 



ALPHABETICAL LIST OF 



Holgar, 


to be quiet, to do nothing. 


See Acordar. 


Hollar, 


to trample under feet. 


— ditto. 


Humedecer, 


to moisten. 


— Aborrecer. 


Impedir, 


to hinder. 


— Pedir. 


Imponer, 


to impose. 


— Poner. 


Inadvertir, 


to be inattentive. 


— Adherir, 


Indisponer, 


to indispose or vex. 


— Poner. 


Inducir, 


to induce. 


— Conducir. 


Intervenir, 


to intervene. 


— Venir. 


Introducir, 


to introduce. 


— Conducir. 


Invernar, 


to winter. 


— Acertar. 


Invertir, 


to transpose. 


— Adherir. 


Investir, 


to invest. 


— Pedir. 


Ir - . 


to go. 


— No. XXVII. 


Lucir, 


to shine. 


— Deslucir. 


Llover, to 


rain. See Absolver, also the 


Impersonal Verbs. 


Magrecer, 


to grow lean. 


See Aborrecer. 


Maldecir, 


to curse. 


— Bendecir. 


Manifestar, 


to manifest. See Acertar, also No. 168. 


Mantener, 


to maintain. 


See Tener. 


Medir, 


to measure in general. 


— Pedir. 


Mentar, 


to name. 


— Acertar. 


Mentir, 


to lie. 


— Adherir. 


Merecer, 


to deserve. 


— Aborrecer. 


Merendar, to eat between dinner and supper. — Acertar. 


Moler, 


to grind. See Absolver: 


; its Part, is regular. 


Mollecer, 


to grow soft. 


See Aborrecer. 


Morder, 


to bite. See Absolver ; 


its Part, is regular. 


Morir, 


to die ; Part., Muerto. 


See Dormir. 


Mostrar, 


to show. 


— Acordar. 


Mover, 


to move. See Absolver ; 


its Part, is regular. 


Nacer, 


to be born. 


See Aborrecer. 


Negar, 


to deny or refuse. 


— Acertar. 


Nevar, 


to snow. 


— ditto. 


Obedecer, 


to obey. 


— Aborrecer. 


Obscurecer, 


to darken. 


— ditto. 


Obtener, 


to obtain. 


— Tener. 


Ofrecer, 


to offer. 


— Aborrecer. 


Oir, 


to hear. 


— No.XXVIII 


Oponer, 


to oppose. 


— Poner. 


Pacer, 


to graze. 


— Aborrecer. 


Padecer, 


to languish. 


— ditto. 


Parecer, 


to appear. 


— ditto. 



THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 



129 



Parecerse, 


to be like. 


See Aborrecer. 


Pedir, 


to ask. 


— No. XXIX. 


Pensar, 


to think. 


— Acertar. 


Perder, 


to lose. 


— Entender. 


Perecer, 


to perish. 


— Aborrecer. 


Perniquebrar, 


to break the legs. 


— Acertar. 


Perseguir, 


to persecute. 


— Pedir. 


Pertenecer, 


to belong to. 


— Aborrecer. 


Pervertir, 


to pervert or corrupt. See Adherir, also No. 168, 


Placer, 


to please. 


See No. XII. 


Plegar, 


to plait or fold. 


— Acertar. 


Poblar, 


to people. 


— Acordar. 


Poder, 


to be able. See Absolver 


; its part, is regular, 


Podrir, 


to rot. 


See No. XXX. 


Poner, 


to put. 


— No. XIII. 


Predecir, 


to foretell. 


— Decir. 


Preferir, 


to prefer. 


— Adherir. 


Preponer, 


to propose. 


— Poner. 


Prescribir, to 


prescribe. Part, prescrito is 1 


the only irregularity. 


Presentir, 


to foresee. 


See Adherir. 


Presuponer, 


to presuppose. 


— Poner. 


Prevalecer, 


to prevail. 


— Aborrecer. 


Prevenir, 


to anticipate. 


— Venir. 


Prever, 


to foresee. 


— Ver. 


Producir, 


to produce. 


— Conducir. 


Pfoferir, 


to utter- 


— Adherir. 


Promover, 


to promote. See Absolver, also No. 168, 


Proponer, 


to propose. 


See Poner. 


Proscribir, 


to banish. Fart proscrito \s 


the only irregularity, 


Proseguir, 


to continue. 


See Pedir. 


Probar, 


to try. 


— Acordar, 


Provenir, 


to issue. 


— Venir. 


Quebrar, 


to fail, to be a bankrupt. 


— Acertar. 


Querer, 


to love or like. 


— No. XV. 


Reeaer, 


to fall again. 


— Caer. 


Recocer, 


to bake again. 


— Cocer. 


Recomendar, 


to recommend. 


— Acertar. 


Recomponer, 


to set again in order. 


— Poner. 


Reconocer, 


to acknowledge. 


— Aborrecer. 


Reconvalecer, 


to recover from an illness, 


— ditto. 


Recordar, 


to remember, to call to mind. — Acordar. 


Recostarse, 


to lie on one side. 


— ditto. 


Recrecer, 


to grow again. 


— Aborrecer. 



130 



ALPHABETICAL LIST OF 



Reducir, 

Referir, 

Reflorecer, 

Reforzar, 

Regar, 

Regir, 

Regoldar, 

Rehacer, 

Reir, or Reirse, 

Relucir, 

Remanecer, 

Remendar, 

Remorder, 

Remorderse, 

Remover, 

Renacer, 

Rendir, 

Rendirse, 

Renegar, 

Renovar, 

Reiiir, 

Reparecer, 

Repetir, 

Reponer, 

Reprobar, 

Requebrar, 

Requerir, 

Resentirse, 

Rescontrar, 

Resolver, 

Resollar, 

Resonar, 

Restablecer, 

Retemblar, 

Retener, 

Retentar, 

Retenir, 

Retorcer, 

Retraerse, 

Retraer, 

Retro traer, 

Reventar, 

Rever, 



to 



to reduce. 


See Conducir. 


to refer. 


— 


Adherir. 


to blossom again. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


to strengthen. 


— 


Acordar. 


to water. 


— 


Acertar. 


to govern. 


— 


Pedir. 


to belch. 


— 


Acordar. 


to do again. 


— 


Hacer. 


, to laugh or jest at one. 


— 


Pedir. 


to shine. 


— 


Deslucir. 


to appear suddenly. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


to mend, to patch. 


— 


Acertar. 


to bite repeatedly. 


.-— 


Absolver. 


to repent, to grieve. 


— 


ditto. 


to remove, to exchange place 


. — 


ditto. 


to be born again. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


to enslave. 


— 


Pedir. 


to surrender oneself. 


— 


ditto. 


to deny or disown. 


— 


Acertar. 


to renew. 


— 


Acordar. 


to scold, quarrel, or fight. 


— 


Pedir. 


to appear again. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


to repeat. 


— 


Pedir. 


to put again. 


— 


Poner. 


to reprove. 


— 


Acordar. 


to cajole or wheedle. 


— 


Acertar. 


to require. 


— 


Adherir. 


to resent, to be sensible of. 


— 


ditto. 


to compensate. 


— 


Acordar. 


to resolve. 


— 


Absolver. 


to breathe. 


— 


Acordar. 


to resound. 


— 


ditto. 


to repair or restore. 


— 


Aborrecer. 


to tremble continually. 


— 


Acertar. 


to retain. 


— 


Tener. 


be threatened with a relapse. 


, — 


Acertar. 


to dye again. 


— 


Pedir. 


to twist again. 


— 


Cocer. 


to take refuge. 


— 


Traer. 


to withdraw. 


— 


ditto. 


to antedate. 


— 


ditto. 


to burst. 


— 


Acertar 


to see again. 


— 


Ver, 



THE IRREGULAR VERBS. 



131 



Reverdecer, to paint green again. See Aborrecer. 

Reverter, to overthrow. — Entender. 

Revestir, to invest. — Pedir. 

Revolar, to fly again. — Acordar. 

Revolcarse, to wallow. ■ — ditto. 

Revolver, to overturn everything. — Absolver. 

Rodar, to roll. — Acordar. 

Rogar, to pray. — ditto. 

Saber, to know. — No. XVI. 

Saber bien, to relish, (in speaking of meat.) — Saber. 

Salir, to go out. — No. XXXI. 

Segar, to reap. — Acertar. 

Seguir, to follow. — Pedir. 

Sembrar, to sow. — Acertar. 

Sentarse, to sit down. — ditto. 

Sentir, to hear. — Adherir. 

Serrar, to saw. — Acertar. 

Servir, to serve. — Pedir. 

Sobreponer, to put above. — Poner. 

Sobresalir, to excel or surpass. — Salir. 

Sobrevenir, to come in unlooked for. — Venir. 

Soldar, to solder. — Acordar. 

Soler to be wont. — Absolver. 

Soltar, to untie. 

Sonar, to resound 



Sonarse, (las narices,) to blow one's nose. 



Sonar, 

Sonreir, 

Sosegar, 

Sosegarse, 

Soterrar. 

Substraer, 

Suponer, 

Temblar, 

Tender, 

Tener, 

TeiTir, 

Tentar, 

Torcer, 

Traducir, 

Traer, 

Transcender, 

Transponer, 



to dream. 

to smile. 

to repose or rest. 

to allay one's passion 

to bury. 

to abridge. 

to suppose. 

to tremble. 

to spread or stretch 

to have or to hold. 

to dye. 

to tempt. 

to twist. 

to translate. 

to bring. 

to pass. 

to transpose. 



See Acordar, also No. 168. 
See ditto. 

— ditto. 

— ditto. 

- Pedir. 

— Acertar. 

- ditto. 

- ditto. 

— Traer. 

— Poner. 

— Acertar. 

— Entender. 
See the Auxiliary Verbs. 

See Pedir. 

— Acertar. 

— Cocer. 



Conducir. 
No. XVII. 
Entender. 
Poner. 



132 



LIST OF REFLECTIVE VERBS. 



Trascender, 


to penetrate or discover. 


See Entender. 


Trascolar, 


to strain. 


— Acordar. 


Trascordarse 


, to forget. 


— ditto. 


Trasegar, 


to put topsy turvy. 


— Acertar. 


Trasonar, 


to be out of one's mind. 


— Acordar. 


Trasponer, to transpose from one place to another. See Poner. 


Trocar, 


to exchange. 


See Acordar. 


Tronar, 


to thunder. 


— Volar. 


Tropezar, 


to trip in walking. 


— Acertar. 


Valer, 


to be worth. 


— XVIII. 


Venir, 


to come. 


— No. XXXII. 


Venirse, 


to come. 


■ — Venir. 


Vermejecer, 


to become red. 


— Aborrecer. 


Vertex 


to pour. 


— Entender. 


Vestir, 


to dress. 


— Pedir. 


Vestirse, 


to dress oneself. 


— ditto. 


Volar, 


to fly. 


— Acordar. 


Volear, 


to turn all things upside down. 


— ditto. 


Volver, 


to come back or send back. 


— Absolver. 


Volverse, 


to become either good or bad. 


— ditto. 



216. — List of Verbs reflective in Spanish and not 
in English. 



Casarse 

Pasearse, 

Acostarse, 

Asombrarse, 

Baiiarse, 

Acordarse, 

Ampararse, 

Apoderarse, 

Fiarse, 

Burlarse, 

Descansarse, 

Vestirse, 

Sentarse, 

Arrojarse, 

Jactarse, 



to marry. 

to walk. 

to go to bed, (irregular.) 

to be astonished. 

to bathe. 

to remember, (irregular.) 

to take shelter. 

to make oneself master of. 

to twist. 

to mock. 

to rest. 

to dress, (irregular.) 

to sit down, (irregular.) 

to rush upon. 

to boast. 



CARDINAL NUMBERS. 



133 



Imaginarse, 

Irse, 

Alegrarse, 

Abstenerse, 

Arrepentirse, 

Desmayarse, 

Equivocarse, 

Quejarse, 

Enfurecerse, 

Escaparse, 

Formalizarse, 

Picarse, 



to imagine. 

to go away, (irregular.) 

to rejoice. 

to abstain, (irregular.) 

to repent, (irregular.) 

to faint. 

to mistake. 

to complain. 

to get into a passion. 

to escape. 

to get angry. 

to pretend. 



217.— CARDINAL NUMBERS. 



N. B. — Every word, either in the cardinal or ordinal numbers, 
which is marked thus, (*) has the last o changed for an a whenever 
applied to a feminine noun. 



Uno,* 

Dos, 

Tres, 

Cuatro, 

Cinco, 

Seis, 

Siete, 

Ocho, 

Nileve, 

Diez, 

Once, 

Doce, 

Trece, 

Catorce, 

Quince, 

Diez y seis, 



one. 

two. 

three. 

four. 

five. 

six. 

seven. 

eight. 

nine. 

ten. 

eleven. 

twelve. 

thirteen. 

fourteen. 

fifteen. 

sixteen. 



N 



134 



CARDINAL NUMBERS. 



Diez y siete, 

Diez y ocho, 

Diez y nueve, 

Veinte, 

Veinte y uno,* 

Veinte y dos, 

Treinta, 

Treinta y uno, 

Treinta y dos, * 

Cuarenta, 

Cuarenta y uno,* 

Cincuenta, 

Cincuenta y uno,* 

Sesenta, 

Sesenta y uno,* 

Setenta, 

Setenta y uno,* 

Ochenta, 

Ochenta y uno,* 

Noventa, 

Noventayuno,* 

Ciento, 

Ciento y uno,* 

Docientos,* 

Trecientos,* 7 

Cuatrocientos,* 

Quinientos,* 

Seiscientos,* 

Setecientos,* 

Ochocientos,* 

Novecientos,* 

Mil, 

Dos mil, 

Veinte mil, 

Cien mil, 

Docientos mil, 

Un millon, or cuento, 

Dos millones, or cuentos, 

Tres millones, or cuentos, 

Un cuento de cuentos, 

Dos cuentos de cuentos, &c, 



seventeen. 

eighteen. 

nineteen. 

twenty. 

twenty-one. 

twenty-two. 

thirty. 

thirty-one. 

thirty- two. 

forty. 

forty-one. 

fifty. 

fifty-one. 

sixty. 

sixty- one. 

seventy. 

seventy-one. 

eighty. 

eighty-one. 

ninety. 

ninety-one. 

a hundred. 

a hundred and one. 

two hundred. 

three hundred. 

four hundred. 

five hundred. 

six hundred. 

seven hundred. 

eight hundred. 

nine hundred. 

a thousand. 

two thousand. 

twenty thousand. 

a hundred thousand. 

two hundred thousand. 

a million. 

two millions. 

three millions. 

a billion. 

two billions. 



ORDINAL NUMBERS. 



135 



218.— ORDINAL NUMBERS. 



Primero,* 

Segundo,* 

Tercero,* 

Cuarto,* 

Quinto,* 

Sexto,* 

S6ptimo,* 

Octavo,* 

Nono,* or noveno,* 

D6cimo,* 

Un decimo,* 

Duodecimo,* 

Decimo* tercio,* 

D6cimo* cuarto,* 

Decimo* quinto,* 

Decimo* sexto,* 

Decimo* septimo,* 

Decimo* octavo,* 

Deximo* nono,* 

Vigesimo,* 

Vigesimo* primo,* 

Vigesimo* segundo,* 

Vigesimo* tercio,* 

Trigesimo,* 

Cuadragesimo,* 

Quincuagesimo,* 

Sex&gesimo,* 

Septuagesimo,* 

Octogesimo,* 

Nonagesimo,* 

Centesimo,* 

Dqcentesimo,* 

Trecentesimo,* 

Cuadragentesimo, * 

Quingentesimo,* 

Sexentesimo,* 

Septengentesimo,* 

Octogentesimo,* 

Nonagentesimo,* 

Milesimo,* 



first. 

second. 

third. 

fourth. 

fifth. 

sixth. 

seventh. 

eighth. 

ninth. 

tenth. 

eleventh. 

twelfth. 

thirteenth. 

fourteenth. 

fifteenth. 

sixteenth. 

seventeenth. 

eighteenth. 

nineteenth. 

twentieth. 

twenty-first. 

twenty- second. 

twenty-third. 

thirtieth. 

fortieth. 

fiftieth. 

sixtieth. 

seventieth. 

eightieth. 

ninetieth. 

hundredth. 

two hundredth. 

three hundredth. 

four hundredth. 

five hundredth. 

six hundredth. 

seven hundredth. 

eight hundredth. 

nine hundredth. 

thousandth. 



136 



INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 



219.— DISTRIBUTIVE NUMBERS. 



La mitad, 
El tercio, 
El cuarto, 
Un par, 
Media docena, 
Una decena, 
Una docena, 
Una veintena, 
Una centena, 
Un miliar, 
Un cuento, 



the half. 

the third. 

the fourth. 

a couple, or pair. 

half a dozen. 

half a score. 

a dozen. 

a score. 

a hundred. 

a thousand. 

a million. 



220.— INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 



Alguno, alguna, 1 
Algunos, algunas,/ 
Cada uno, \ 
Cada una, J 
Cada, 

Amhos, ambas, 
Ninguno, ninguna, "I 
Ningunos, ningunas, J 
Todo, toda, T 
Todos, todas, J 
Fulano, fulana, 1 
Zutano, J 

Ageno, agena, 
Nadie, 

Cualquiera, "1 
Cualesquiera, J 
Sea lo que fuere, 
Quienquiera, 
Sea quien fuere, 



some. 

each (one.) 

each, 
both. 

none, not one. 
all, every. 

such a one. 

other people's 
no one. 

whichever. 

whatever, anything, 
whoever, 
whoever it be. 



Some of these are also Adjectives. 



137 



221.— LIST OF ADVERBS. 



Aca, 

Aqui, 

Ahi, 

Alii, 

Alia, 

Cerca, 

Lejos, 

Donde, 

Adonde, 



hither. 

here. 

there. 

thither. 

yonder. 

near. 

far. 

where. 

whither. 



Dentro, 

Fuera, 

Arriba, 

Abajo, 

Delante, 

Detras, 

Encima, 

Debajo, 



within, 
without, 
up, above, 
down, below, 
before, 
behind, 
upon, 
under. 



Hoy, 


to-day. 


Nunca, 


never. 


Ayer, 


yesterday. 


Jamas, 


never, ever. 


Manana, 


to-morrow. 


Ya, 


already. 


Ahora, 


now. 


Amenudo, 


often. 


Luego, 


presently. 


Muchas veces, often. 


Tarde, 


late. 


Antes, 


before. 


Temprano, 


soon. 


Despues, 


after. 


Siempre, 


always. 






Bien, 


well. 


Despacio, 


slowly. 


Mai, 


badly, or ill. 


Alto, 


high, loudly. 


Asi, 


thus. 


Bajo, 


low. 


Pronto, 


readily. 


Presto, 


qurckly. 


Apriesa, 


hastily. 


Fuertemente, strongly. 


Mucho, 


much. 


Menos, 


less. 


Poco, 


little. 


Mejor, 


better. 


Demasiadoj 


too, or too much. 


Peor, 


worse. 


Bastante, 


enough. 


Muy, 


very. 


Harto, 


sufficiently. 


Casi, 


almost. 


Mas, 


more. 






Primero, 


first. 


Despues, 


afterwards. 


Aun, 


even. 


[Si, 


yes. 


No, 


no, not. 


Tampoco, 


neither. 


Ni, 


neither, nor. 







Acaso, 



perhaps. 



| Probablemente, probably. 
&c. &c. 



138 



—LIST OF PREPOSITIONS. 

A complete list of Prepositions will be found 
page 85, No. 182 and No. 186. 

The following are those inserted in the lists from 
No. 187 to No. 205. 



A, 


to or at. 


Hacia, 


towards. 


Ante, 


before. 


Hasta, 


till. 


Con, 


with. 


Para, 


for. 


Contra, 


against. 


Por, 


by or for. 


De, 


of or from. 


Segun, 


according to. 


Desde, 


from, since. 


Sin, 


without. 


En, 


in. 


Sobre, 


upon. 


Entre, 


between. 


Tras, 


behind. 



223.— LIST OF INTERJECTIONS. 



Bravo ! bravo ! well done. 

Muy bien ! very well. 

Ay ! alas ! 

O! jay! ha! 

Ah ! ha ! 

Que verguenza ! fie upon it ! 

Oh! oh! 



Valgame Dios ! bless me. 
Alegre ! cheer up. 
Vamos ! on, come alone:. 
Hola ! hold ! 

Poco a poco ! gently. 
Despacio ! softly. 



224. It is quite impossible to give the literal 
meaning of an interjection or exclamation in any 
language; the words / vaya t and / pnes ! as 
instances: — These two words are full of meaning, 
and highly expressive of emotion. That meaning 
depends entirely on the manner in which they are 
pronounced. They express joy, grief, contempt, 
surprise, encouragement, &c. ; as do the words 
indeed ! and well! in English. 

It will also be seen that the marks ! and ? are 
placed before and after a sentence in Spanish. 
/ Ay de mi ! alas ! i Pues que ? how then ? Be- 
fore the sentence they are inverted. 



139 



225.- ABBREVIATIONS IN COMMON 
USE. 

The following is a list of those mostly used in 
epistolary correspondence : — 

A.C., 

As., 

A.A., 

Admor., 

Agto., 

Amo., 

Anto, 

Appco, 

Arto., 

Arzbpo, 

B., 

B., or V., 

Br, 

B.L.M, 

B.L.P, 

Brno. Pe, 

C.M.B, 

C.P.B., 

Camra, 

Cap, 

Capn, 

Cappn, 

Col, 

Comiso, 

Compa, 

Cofrte, 

Conso, 

Dn, 

Da, 

Dr., 

D.D, 

Dho, 

Dro, 



Ano Christiano, 


Christian year. 


arrobas, one 


-quarter of a hundred weight. 


autores, 


authors, 


administrador, 


administrator. 


Agosto, 


August. 


amigo, 


friend. 


Antonio, 


Anthony. 


apostolico, 


apostolic. 


articulo, 


article. 


arzobispo, 


archbishop. 


beato, 


blessed. 


vuelta, 


turn over. 


bachiller, 


bachelor of arts. 


beso las manos, 


I kiss the hands. 


beso los pies, 


I kiss the feet. 


beatisimo padre, 


most blessed father. 


cuyas manos beso, 


whose hands I kiss, 


cuyos pies beso, 


whose feet 1 kiss. 


camara, 


chamber. 


capitulo, 


chapter. 


capitan, 


captain. 


capellan, 


chaplain. 


coluna, 


column. 


comisario, 


commissary. 


compania, 


company. 


corriente. 


current. 


consejo, 


council. 


Don, 


Mr. 


Doiia, 


Mrs. 


doctor, 


doctor. 


doctores, 


doctors. 


dicho, 


ditto, or said. 


derecbo, 


right, or duty. 



140 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



Dizre., 


Diciembre, 


December. 


Domo., 


Domingo, 


Sunday. 


Ecco., 


eclesiastico, 


ecclesiastic. 


Eno., 


Enero, 


January. 


Exmo., 


excelentisimo, 


most excellent. 


Excia., 


excelencia, 


excellency. 


Fho.,fha., 


fecho, fecha, 


dated. 


Febo., 


Febrero, 


February. 


Folo., 


folio, 


folio. 


Fr., 


fray, 


brother of a religious order. 


Franco., 


Francisco, 


Francis. 


Frnz., 


Fernandez, 


a Spanish surname. 


Gde., or gue 


., guarde, 


preserve. 


Q.D.G., 


que Dios guarde, 


whom God preserve. 


Gra., 


gracia, 


grace. 


Genl., 


general, 


general. 


Ille., 


ilustre, 


illustrious. 


Illmo., 


ilustrisimo, 


most illustrious. 


Inqor., 


inquisidor, 


inquisitor. 


Jhs., 


Jesus, 


Jesus. 


Jph., 


Joseph, 


Joseph. 


Jno., 


Juan, 


John. 


Jn., 


Juan, 


John. 


Lib. 


libro, 


book. 


Libs., 


libras, 


pounds. 


Lin., 


linea, 


line. 


Lizo., 


licenciado, 


licentiate. 


M.P.S., 


muy poderoso seiior 


, most powerful Lord. 


Me., 


madre, 


mother. 


Mr., 


Monsieur, 


Monsieur. 


Mor., 


mayor, 


eldest.' 


Ms. As., 


muchos aiios, 


many years. 


Magd., 


magestad, 


majesty. 


Manl., 


Manuel, 


Emanuel. 


Maymo., 


may or domo, 


steward. 


Migl., 


Miguel, 


Michael. 


Minro, 


ministro, 


minister. 


Med., 


merced, 


grace. 


Men., 


Martin, 


Martin. 


Menz., 


Martinez, 


a Spanish surname. 


Mro., 


maestro, 


master. 


Mrs., 


maravedis, 


maravedis. 


MS., 


manuscrito, 


manuscript. 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



141 



MSS., 


manuscritos, 


manuscripts. 


N.S., 


nuestro Senor, 


our Lord. 


N. Sra., 


nuestra Senora, 


our Lady. 


Nro., 


nuestro, 


our. 


Novre., 9re.. 


, Noviembre, 


November. 


Opbo., 


obispo, 


bishop. 


Octre., 8re., 


Octubre, 


October. 


Ons., 


onzas, 


ounces. 


Orn., 


orden, 


order. 


PD., 


posdata, 


postcript. 


Pa., 


para, 


for. 


Pe, 


padre, 


father. 


Po., 


Pedro, 


Peter. 


Pr., 


por, 


for, or by. 


Pta., 


plata, 


silver, or plate. 


Pte., 


parte, 


part. 


Pto., 


puerto, 


port. 


Pag-, 


pagina, 


page. 


Ppco., 


publico, 


public. 


Pral., 


principal, 


principal. 


Pror., 


procurador, 


solicitor, or proctor, 


Prov., 


provisor, 


vicar general. 


Qe., 


que, 


that. ' 


Qdo., 


cuando, 


when. 


Qn., 


qui en, 


who. 


Qto., 


cuanto, 


how much. 


Rl.,Rles., 


real, reales, 


royal. 


Rs., 


reales, 


rials. 


Revmo., 


reverendisimo, 


most reverend, 


Rdo., 


reverendo, 


reverend. 


Rvi., 


recibi, 


I received. 


S., 


san, or santo, 


saint. 


Sn., 


san, 


saint. 


Sto., 


santo, 


saint. 


^M., 


su majestad, 


his majesty. 


S. Sd., 


su santidad. 


his holiness. 


Sr., or Sor., 


senor, 


Sir, or Mr., 


Sebn., 


Sebastian, 


Sebastian. 


Sria., 






Secreta., > 


■ secretaria, 


secretaryship. 


Secretria., J 






Secrete, 1 






Srio., \ 


• secretario, 


secretary. 


Secretrio., J 







U2 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



Sere., 7re., 


Setiembre, 


September. 


Smo., 


serenisimo, 


most serene. 


Servo., 


servicio, 


service. 


Servor., 


servidor, 


servant. 


Sigte., 


siguiente, 


following. 


Ssmo. Pe., 


santisimo padre, 


most holy father. 


Ssno., 


escribano, 


notary. 


S.S.S., 


su seguro servidor, 


your faithful servant. 


Supca., 


suplica, 


entreaty, or petition. 


Supte., 


suplicante, 


petitioner. 


Superte., 


superintendente, 


superintendent. 


Tente., 


teniente, 


lieutenant. 


Tom., 


tomo, 


volume. 


Tpo, 


tiempo, 


time. 


V.,Ve.,Vene 


., venerable, 


venerable. 


V.A., 


vuestra alteza, 


your highness. 


V.Bd., 


vuestra beatitud, 


your blessedness. 


V.E., 


vuecelencia, 


your excellency. 


V.G., 


verbigracia, 


for example. 


Vm.Vmd., 


Vuesamerced Vuestra merced, or Usted, a title 




similar to your worship in English. 


Vms., 


Ustedes, 


your worships. 


V.P., 


vuestra paternitad, 


your paternity. 


V.S., 


vueseiioria, or Usia, 


your lordship. 


V.S., 


vuestra santidad, 


your holiness. 


V.S.S., 


vueseriorias, 


your lordships. 


V.SJ., 


vuesehoria ilustrisima,your grace. 


Vn., 


vellon, 


bullion. 


Vol., 


volumen, 


volume. 


Vro., 


vuestro, 


your. 


Xmo., 


diezmo. 


tithe. 


Xptiano, 


christiano, 


christian. 


Xpto., 


Cristo, 


Christ. 


Xptobal., 


Cristobal, 


Christopher, 



143 



A FEW PARTICULAR REMARKS AND 
IDIOMS. 

226. The word Don, is placed before baptismal 
names of men, and Dona before those of ladies; — 
Don Juan, Dona Maria. 

227. The words Senor and Senora are placed 
before any title : — 

El senor su padre de Vd. ; your father. 

La senora su hermana ; your sister. 

El senor Conde de . . . the Count of. . . 

La senora Marquesa de. . . the Marchioness of. . . 

El senor Doctor C. ; Doctor C. 

228. The English address each other politely 
in the second person plural — " you." 

So do the French — "vous." 

The Germans in the third person plural — "sie," 
(they.) 

The Italians in the third person singular femi- 
nine — " ella," (she.) 

The Spaniards in the third person singular, with 
Vd. pronounced Usted, or Vuestra merced. 

You understand me ; Vd., or Usted me entiende. 

(Your honour) understands 
me. 

Les aseguro a Vds. ; I do assure you, gentlemen. 

* (I do assure your honours.) 

229. — The verb To have expressed by Tener. 

Speaking of dimension : — 

Our house is twenty feet Nuerta casa tiene veinte pies 
broad; de ancho. 



144 REMARKS AND IDIOMS. 

230. Of age:— 

I am twenty years old ; Tengo veinte afios. 

231. Of affections of the body or mind : — 

To be hungry, thirsty, cold, Tener hambre, sed, frio, calor, 
hot, sleepy, afraid, in the sueno, miedo, razon, &c. ; 
right, &c. ; i.e., to have hunger, thirst, 

heat, cold, sleep, fear, right, 

&c. 

232. — To be, expressed by Hacer. 
Speaking of the weather :— 

Hace buen tiempo ; It is fine weather. 

Hacia calor, frio ; It was warm, cold. 

233. — To be since, or ago, by Haber. 
Tres meses ha, or hace ; Three months ago, or since. 

234.— To be, by Haber. 

He aqui los motivos porque, Behold the reasons why, &c, 
&c. ; or these are the reasons 

why, &c. 

235. Many verbs have each very numerous and 
different significations; and, as no rule can be 
given for them, they can only be reduced to lists, 
which the learner will find extremely useful, both 
in understanding Spanish authors, and in express- 
ing himself idiomatically. 

236. — Different significations of Andar, To go. 

Andar, to go, to walk, to travel. 

Andar con Dios, to go in peace. 

Andar en hora buena, to be preserved from danger. 

Andar a ciegas, to go groping along. 



REMARKS AND IDIOMS. 



145 



Andar adelante, 
Andar a gatas, 
Andar a grillos, 

Andar a la flor del berro, 
Andar a la sopa, 
Andar en vueltas, 
Andar a la ventura de Dios, 

Andar al paso del buey, 

Andar al rededor, 

Andar al uso, 

Andar a monte, 

Andar a palos, 

Andar a porfia, 

Andar arrastrado, 

Andar a sombra de tejado, 

Andar a sus anchuras, 

Andar a tientas, 

Andar bebiendo los vientos, 

Andar calle arriba y calle 

abajo, 
Andar con el tiempo, 

Andar con mosca, 

Andar con pies de plomo, 

Andar con reserva, 
Andar con segundas, 

Andar degorra, 

Andar derecho, 

Yo te hare andar derecho, 

Andar en buenos pasos, 

Andar en cuentos, 

Andar en cueros, 

Andar en dimes y diretes, 

Andar achacoso, 



to go before. 

to walk upon hands and feet. 

to lose one's time in doing 

something, 
to stroll and wander about, 
to go a begging, 
to shuffle, 
to abandon oneself to one's 

bad or good fortune, 
to be slow or lazy at work, 
to go round about, 
to conform to the times, 
to skulk, 

to fight one another with sticks 
to be stubborn, 
to live in indigence, 
to be at hide and seek, 
to live splendidly, or with pro- 
fusion, 
to grope in the dark, 
to make all diligence possible ; 

to obtain anything, 
to spend one's time in walking 

up and down, 
to praise to day what will be 

blamed to-morrow, 
to be angry; to breathe for 

revenge. 
to act with reflection in one's 

dealing, 
to be reserved, or prudent, 
to go with a design to deceive 

somebody. 
to go to dine at the expense 

of another, 
to go straight, to be just. 
I will make you honest, 
to act right ; to be virtuous, 
to fall to loggerheads, 
to be naked, 
to deal in ifs and ands, 
to be sickly. 



146 



REMARKS AND IDIOMS. 



Andar en la maroma, 

Andar en malos pasos, 

Andar en zelos, 

Andar errado, 

Andar hombro con hombro, 

Andar a uno en los alcances, 

Andar pie con bola, 

Andar por tierra, 

Andar sobre aviso, 

No andar bueno, 

En el and arse parece a Pedro, 

Andar en cuerpo, 



to engage in a perilous under- 
taking. 

to be abandoned. 

to be jealous. 

to err ; to be under an error. 

to go cheek by jowl. 

to be at one's heels ; to watch 
him. 

to lead an economical life. 

to be despised. 

to be on one's guard. 

to be ill. 

by his gait one would say it is 
Peter. 

to go abroad without a cloak. 



237. — Different significations of the Verb Dar. 



Dar, 
Dar, 
Dar, 
Dar, 
Dar, 
Dar, 

Dar, 

Dar que reir, 

Dar que llorar, 

Dar a correr, 

Dar por libre, 

Dar por esclavo, 

Dar por traidor, 

Dar de vestir, 

Dar recado de escribir, 

Dar que sentir, 
Dar gusto, 
Dar tristeza, 
Darse, 
Darse abajo, 
Dar abrazos, 
Dar a fiado, 



to give, to present. 

to beat, to strike. 

to administer a remedy. 

to confer. 

to give as a fact. 

to persist obstinately in doing 

a thing, 
to deliberate, 
to give cause of laughing, 
to make one cry. 
to make one run. 
to free any one. 
to keep in slavery, 
to condemn one as a traitor, 
to clothe one. 
to furnish what is necessary to 

write, 
to give trouble or pain, 
to give pleasure, 
to cause sadness, 
to give up oneself, 
to fall down, 
to embrace one another, 
to trust. 



REMARKS AND IDIOMS. 



147 



Dar a entender, 
Dar agua manos, 

Dar a la estampa, 

Dar a la mano, 

Dar el alma, 

Dar de traste, 

Dar a luz, 

Dar asalto, 

Dar asunto, 

Dar andiencia, 

Dar barato, 

Dar barro a la mano, 

Dar brega, 

Dar buena vejez, 

Dar mala vejez, 

Dar buenas palabras, 

Dar calle, 

Dar carta de pago, 

Dar con alguna persona en 

tierra, 
Dar con la puerta en los ojos, 
Dar consigo en el suelo, 
Dar con uno, 

Dar credito, 

Dar cuerpo, 

Dar cuerpo, 

Dar de cogote, 

Dar de comer al diablo, 

Dar pan y palos, 



Dar de si, 

Dae diente con diente, 

Dar el lugar, 

Dar el pesame. 

Dar el si, 
Dar el voto, 
Dar encomiendas, 
Dar en el bianco, 
Dar en el punto, 



to give to understand. 

to give water to wash one's 

hands, 
to cause anything to be printed, 
to put in hand, 
to die. 

to run aground, 
to bring to light, 
to give assault, 
to give cause to speak, 
to give audience, 
to sell cheap, 
to furnish materials, 
to play a trick, 
to comfort old age. 
to vex old age. 
to give fair words, 
to clear the way. 
to give a receipt, 
to throw one on the ground. 

to shut the door upon one. 

to fall upon one's nose. 

to meet with the person one 
looks for. 

to believe what is said. 

to give a substance to anything. 

to exaggerate. 

to fall upon one's back. 

to act contrary to religion. 

to provide for the subsistence 
of others, and to act severely 
with them. 

to stretch oneself. 

to be starved with cold. 

to leave the place. 

to give compliments of condo- 
lence. 

to consent to anything. 

to vote for any one. 

to give orders. 

to hit the mark. 

to guess right. 



148 



REMARKS AND IDIOMS. 



Dar en rostro, 

Dar entrada, 

Dar estado, 

Dar exercicios, 

Dar expediente, 

Dar favor, 

Dar fianza, 

Dar forma, 

Dar fruto, 

Dar fuego, 

Dar gana, 

Dar garrote, 

Dar guerra, 

Dar lado, 

Dar la enhorabuena, 

Dar la muerte, 

Dar la obediencia, 

Dar la piel, 
Dar las pascuas, 

Dar la ultima mano, 

Dar la vida, 

Dar licencia, 

Dar lugar, 

Dar lumbre, 

Dar luz, 

Dar luz, 

Dar mala espina, 

Dar mal rato, 

Dar mano, 

Dar muestras, 

Dar musica, 
Dar nombre, 
Dar oidos, 

Dar orden, 
Dar ordenes, 

Dar orejas, 

Dar pan de perro, 



to reproach one with anything. 

to give entrance. 

to alter one's condition. 

to instruct children. 

to conclude a business. 

to protect. 

to caution one. 

to form or dispose. 

to produce a fruit. 

to discharge a firelock. 

to feel a desire. 

to strangle. 

to vex one. 

to favourize. 

to compliment or congratulate. 

to kill. 

to reverence; to bow before 
one. 

to die. 

to wish a good Christmas to 
one. 

to finish or end any work. 

to die. 

to give leave. 

to make room. 

to make a fire. 

to give light to a room. 

to light a person to go out. 

to torment one. 

to molest one. 

to consent to everything. 

to show one's good or bad 
qualities. 

to give a concert. 

to baptize. 

to listen attentively, or lend 
an ear. 

to command. 

to confer the ecclesiastical or- 
ders. 

to pay attention to what is 
said. 

to cudgel one soundly. 



REMARKS AND IDIOMS. 



149 



Dar parte, 

Dar perro por gato, 

Dar picon, 

Dar pliego, 

Dar paso, 

Dar punto, 

Dar puntos en la boca, 

Dar cuartel, 
Dar quejas, 
Dar querella, 

Dar serial, 
Dar senal, 
Dar una panzada, 

Darse una vuelta, 

Dar sobresaltos, 
Dar sobre uno, 
Dar soga, 
Dar su espiritu, 
Dar su merecido, 

Dar su recado, 

Dar termino, 

Dar testimonio, 

Dar tiempo al tiempo, 

Dar tormento, 

Dar tras uno, 

Dar una vista, 

Dar una zambullida, 

Dar un estallido, 

Daixun impetu, 

Dar un tapaboca, 

Dar un zabon, 

Dar voces, 

Dios te de buena ventura, 

No se me da nada, 

No le de cuidado, 



to share with another, (to com- 
municate.) 

to deceive by fair words. 

to excite one to do something. 

to give a sheet of paper. 

to clear the way. 

to begin the holidays. 

to be discreet ; to hold one's 
tongue. 

to give quarter. 

to complain. 

to file a bill in a court of jus- 
tice against one. 

to give earnest money. 

to nod to one to come nearer. 

to give an abundant meal to 
somebody. 

to look at oneself with atten- 
tion. 

to fright one suddenly. 

to assault one. 

to put one to despair. 

to give up the ghost. 

to chastise according to the 
fault. 

to beat one unmercifully. 

to grant a delay. 

to be a witness ; to testify. 

to wait for an opportunity. 

to torture one. 

to follow one ; to go behind. 

to look at any one. 

to fall into the water. 

to make a noise. 

to do something with precipi- 
tation ; to give an impetus. 

to give a blow on the mouth. 

to scold one. 

to brawl. 

God give you a happy success. 

this is nothing to me. 

fear not. 



o2 



150 



REMARKS AND IDIOMS. 



228. — Different significations of the Verb Estar. 

Estar, 

Estar, 

Estoy en lo que Vm. me dice, 

Estoy a eso, 

Estar, 

Estar leyendo, 

Estar escribiendo, 

Estar triste, 

Estar sordo, 

Estar a ex&men, 

Estar de priesa, 

Estar en misa, 

Estarse, 

Estarse muriendo, 

Estarse cayendo, 

Estar a la mano, 

Estar a la trinca, 

Estar a punto, 

Estar de buen humor, 

Estar de mal humor, 

Estar de gorja, 

Estar en si, 

Estar en su juicio, 

Estar lejos, 

Estar muy sobre si, 

Estarse mano sobre mano, 

Estarse en sus trece, 

Estar en todo, 



to be present. 

to comprehend. 

I comprehend what you say. 

I answer for that 

to be. 

to read, or to be reading. 

to write, or to be writing. 

to be sad. 

to be deaf. 

to be examined. 

to be in haste. 

to be present at mass. 

to stop, to stand. 

to be on the point of death. 

to be ready to fall. 

to be at hand. 

to wait for the wind. 

to be ready for. 

to be in good humour. 

to be cross, or in a passion. 

to be merry. 

to* reflect within oneself. 

to have a sound understanding. 

to be far off. 

to be vain. 

to be idle. 

to be very stubborn. 

to know everything. 



229. — Different significations of the Verb Hablar. 



Hablar, 

Hablar, 

El abogado habl6 muy bien, 

Hablar, 

Hablar, 

Hablar a borbotones, 
Hablar a bulto, 
Hablar el alma, 



to speak, 
to harangue. 

that advocate spoke very well, 
to speak in behalf of some- 
body, 
to inform ; to warn, 
to speak quickly, to stammer, 
to talk at random, 
to speak sincerely. 



REMARKS AND IDIOMS. 



151 



Hablar al caso, 

Hablar al gusto, 

Hablar alto, 

Hablar a tontas, 

Hablar bien, 

Hablar con Dios, 

Hablar con lengua de plata, 

Hablar con el diablo, 

Hablar con los ojos, 

Hablar de burla 6 chanza, 

Hablar de hilvan, 

Hablar de la mar, 



Hablar de memoria, 
Hablar de talanquera, 

Hablar de veras, 

Hablar en comun, 

Hablar griego, 

Hablar en publico, 

Hablar entre dientes, 

Hablar consigo, 

Hablar gordo, 

Hablar paso, 

Hablar por detras 6 a las 

espaldas, 
Hablar por hablar, 
Hablar por la mano, 
Hablar por las narices, 
Hablar por senas, 
Hablar recio, 

Hfcblarse alguna cosa, 

De la abundancia del corazon 

habla la boca, 
Es hablar por demas, 
Hacer hablar, 
Mire como habla, 
No hablarse, 



to speak seasonable; in due 

time, 
to speak politely, 
to talk loudly, 
to speak foolishly, 
to speak elegantly, 
to pray to God. 
to solicit anything with money, 
to be cunning, 
to look sweetly upon one. 
to jest at one; to mock him. 
to speak unintelligibly. 
to speak of things that can 

neither be understood nor 

executed, 
to speak at random, 
to slander people that are in 

danger or distress, 
to speak true, 
to speak in general, 
to speak confusedly, 
to speak publicly, 
to mutter. 

to speak within oneself, 
to speak in a passion, 
to speak discreetly, 
to speak ill of a person absent. 

to speak for pleasure's sake. 

to speak with one's fingers. 

to speak through one's nose. 

to speak by jests, as mimics do. 

to speak violently, or in a pas- 
sion. 

to publish, to divulge. 

the tongue speaks from the 
influence of the heart. 

it is to speak in vain. 

to make one speak. 

consider how he speaks. 

not to speak to each other ; to 
be at variance. 



152 



REMARKS AND IDIOMS. 



230. — Different significations of the Verb Hacer. 

Hacer, 

Hacer un delito, 

Hacer concepto de alguna cosa, 



Hoy hace tantos anos que 
sucedio tal cosa, 

Hacerse el vino, 

Los sembrados se hacen, 

Hacer, 

Al conventohizolimosnas muy 

grandes, 
Hacer, 
Este fiasco hace tantas azum- 

bres, 
Hacer, 
Hacer gastos, 

Hacer, 

Dios lo hizo, 

Los jueces lo hicieron, 

Hacer, 

Hacer la comida, 

Hacer la olla, 

Hacer, 

Este pipa hace buen vino, 

Esta caja hace buen tabaco, 

Hacer, 

Eso hace bien aqui, 

Eso no hace con aquello, 

Hacer, 

Hacer gente, 

Hacer auditorio, 

Hacer, 

Hacer un caballo al fuego, 

Hacerse al frio, 

Hacerse a todo, 
Hacerse atras, 



to do, to form. 

to commit a crime. 

to form to oneself an idea of 

something, 
there are, to day, so many 

years since such a thing 

happened, 
the grapes grow ripe, 
the grain grows ripe, 
to give, or grant, 
he gave great alms to the con- 
vent, 
to contain, 
this bottle holds, or contains, 

so many pints, 
to cause, to put. 
to put to, or cause any one, 

expense, 
to resolve, to determine. 
God determined it. 
the judges resolved it so. 
to dress, or prepare, 
to prepare the dinner, 
to make the meat boil, 
to bring to perfection, 
this cask makes the wine good, 
this snuff-box renders the snuff 

good, 
to correspond, to fit. 
this fits very well here, 
this does not correspond with 

that, 
to join, to assemble, 
to raise soldiers, 
to assemble an auditory, 
to use, to accustom, 
to accustom a horse to the fire, 
to accustom oneself to the 

cold, 
to use oneself to everything, 
to draw back. 



REMARKS AND IDIOMS. 



153 



Hacerse a un lado, 


to draw oneself on one side. 


Hacer agua, 


to take a provision of water 




into a ship. 


Hacer alarde, 


to boast of. 


Hacer a pluma y a pelo, 


to be disposed for everything. 


No hay que hacer ascos, 


there is not so much to despise. 


Hacer buena la venta, 


to warrant a sale to be good. 


Hacer las cosas por su cabeza, 


to act according to one's fancy. 


Hacer cama, 


to keep one's bed; to be ill. 


Hacer cara, 


to put on a brazen counten- 


Hacer correrias, 


ance, 
to make incursions. 


Hacer cosquillas, 


to tickle; to please. 


Hacer cortesias, 


to compliment. 


Hacer costilla, 


to bear with patience. 


Hacer de las suyas, 


to play one's frolics. 


Hacer del cuerpo, 


to ease oneself. 


Hacer el pico, 


to give a dinner to somebody. 


Hacer espaldas, 


to defend one ; to protect him. 


Hacer exemplar, 


to be a pattern for others. 


Hacer fiesta, 


to make a holiday for a work- 
ing day. 
to do honours ; to assist at a 


Hacer honras, 




funeral. 


Hacer humo, 


to stay long in a place. 


No hacer humo, 


not to stay long in a place. 


Hacer justicia, 


to do justice to every body. 


Hacer la barba, 


to render a piece of service to 


Tal cosa hizo la barba a fulano, 


one. 
such a thing did good to such 




a one. 


Hacer la razon, 


to drink to the health of ano- 




ther. 


Hacer la mamona, 


to jest at one; to mock him. 


Hacer merced, 


to grant a favour. 


Hacer la olla gorda, 


to procure to one the means 




to become rich. 


Hacer la rosea del galgo, 


to sleep in any place without 




undressing oneself. 


Hacer las partes, 


to divide; 


Hacer la vista larga, 


to feign not to see. 


Hacer mencion, 


to mention anything to ano- 




ther. 



154 



REMARKS AND IDIOMS. 



Hacer mysterio, 

Hacer noche, 
Hacer novedad, 
Hacerse noche, 
Hacer orejas, 

Hacer figura, 

Hacer figuras, 
Hacer papel, 
Hacer pi6, 

Hacer pinitos, 

Hacer pompa, 
Hacer por hacer, 

Hacer prenda, 

Hacer pucheros, 

Hacer punta, 

Hacer raya, 

Hacerse a la vela, 

Hacer cargo, 

Hacerse cargo de una cosa, 

Hacerse chiquito, 

Hacerse de algo, 

Hacerse de miel, 

Si nos hacemos de miel, nos 

comeran las moscas, 
Hacerse lenguas, 
Hacerse tortilla, 
Hacerse en agua, 
Hacer sombra, 

Hacer su hecho, 



to make a mystery of a little 

thing, 
to stay at an inn to sleep, 
to invent anything, 
to be lost or stolen, 
to feign to be deaf; not to be 

willing to hear, 
to have a sort of authority 

over others, 
to play the mimic, 
to act a character, 
to intrude oneself in any busi- 
ness, 
to endeavour to walk after a 

long illness, 
to make a show, 
to do something for pleasure's 

sake, 
to take in pawn for what is lent, 
to feign crying like a child, 
to excel. 

to excel; to surpass, 
to sail. 

to make one pay his share, 
to take care of a thing, 
to feign ignorance, 
to buy what is necessary, 
to be too indulgent to others, 
if you be too indulgent you 

will be trodden under feet, 
to praise exceedingly, 
to fall down flat, 
to perspire, 
to shelter; to protect; to fa- 

vourize. 
to come to the desired point. 



241.— Different significations of the Verb Ir, 
To go. 

Ir, to go ; to walk. 

Ir, to lay a wager. 



REMARKS AND IDIOMS. 



155 



Vayan cien doblones a que 


I lay £100 it is so. 


es cierto eso, 




lr, 


to consist. 


En eso va la vida, 


on this depends the life. 


lr, 


to be distinguished. 


lr, 


to lead, or conduct. 


Este camino va a tal parte, 


this road leads to such a place. 


lr bien puesto, 


to be well dressed. 


lr vendido, 


to be sold. 


lr atenido, 


to be pursued. 


lr a caballo, 


to ride on horseback. 


Irse, 


to go away. 


Irse, 


to be dying. 


Irse, 


to escape. 


Irse, 


to let oneself fall through 




weakness. 


Irse, 


to evaporate. 


Irse, 


to be rotten, (in speaking of 




fruit.) 


Irse, 


to rent. 


lr adelante, 


to pursue a business closely. 


lr con alguno, 


to be of the same opinion with 




another. 


lr bien 6 mal, 


to be well or ill. 


lr con Dios, 


to go peaceably, or in peace. 


Irse de la mano, 


to let anything fall out of 




one's hands. 


Irse de la memoria, 


to forget something. 


Irse de boca, 


to speak impertinently. 


Irse los ojos, 


to look attentively at the thing 




we wish for. 


Irse por pies, 


to run away ; to escape. 


lr y venir, 


to go up and down ; to spend 




one's time in walking. 


^Qui6n va a la puerta? 


who is at the door ? 


Vayase, 


go about your business. 


i Vaya ! 


sure ! indeed ! my goodness ! 




&c. &c. 



242.- 



Venir, 
Venir, 



-Different significations of the Verb Venir, 
To come. 

to come; to happen; to arrive, 
to appear before a judge. 



156 



CONSTRUCTION OF SENTENCES. 



Venir, 

Venir, 

Venir, 

Venir, 

Venir, 

Venir, 

Venir; moverse, 

Venir, 

Venir, 

Venirse a casa, 

Venirse a partido, 

Venirse, 

Venirse el vino, 

Venirse el pan, 

Venir; pasarse de un lugar d 

otro, 
Las inspiraciones vienen del 

Cielo, 
Nuestro vino va menguando ; 

ya no sale mas que gota por 

g°ta, 
Esta guamicion viene bien con 

este pano, 
Venir, or llegar a lasmanos; 

pelearse, * - •■ 

Venir al socorro, 



to agree with another. 

to draw one's origin from. 

to have recourse to. 

to resolve; to determine. 

to grant a favour. 

to come in company. 

to come ; to move. 

to become quite reformed. 

to amount to. 

to return home. 

to yield to reason. 

to perfect oneself. 

to ferment. 

to rise, (in speaking of dough.) 

to go from one place to another. 

Inspirations come from Hea- 
ven, 

our wine diminishes ; it only 
comes drop by drop. 

this trimming fits this cloth 

very well, 
to come to hands or blows; to 

fight, 
to come ; to help. 



243.— ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF 

SENTENCES. 

The order frequently observed in connecting 
together the words in a sentence in Spanish, must 
often appear strange, capricious, and even unna- 
tural, to learners. On reading a Spanish author, 
it is also sometimes difficult to construe the sen- 
tence. A little reflection, however, will show that 
it is the effect of judgment, and not of caprice, 



CONSTRUCTION OF SENTENCES. 157 

nor even of " taste" or elegance; and a little 
attention will enable learners to imitate it with 
ease and correctness. For instance, in the follow- 

^ntences : — 

• Habia _ lo, el dia de la : Ceres." 

"Debe adorarse, aquelL. toeficios cubren la tierra." 

■• Caminaban juntos y a pie, dos estudiai 

The natural construction would be — 

El dia de la fiesta de Ceres, habia llegado. 
Aquella, cuvos beneficios cubren la tierra, debe adorarse en 
todo el universe 

Dos estudiantes, caminaban juntos y a pie. 

This. I say, is the natural order; because, as 
no action can be performed without an agent who 
performs it, we should, in the first place, state 
who the agent is : in the next place, the action 
performed : thirdly, the place where, manner in, 
or circumstances under which performed ; and, 
lastly, the object on whom it is perform* 

I might, then, as other grammarians, tell the 
student, that this reversion of the natural oiV 
is done so " elegantly ;" or, that it is the effect 
of a" refined taste;" or I might lay down a 
"rule," and say, that the verb often precedes its 
nominative. Now, though this would be true 
enough, as appears from the above quotation 
yet the learner would not know when, or liow 
often, fa be allowed to transpose his wo: 

But, I trust that, by stating the reason- why 
the words are transposed, he will be enabled to 
make the transpositions judiciously. The princi- 
ple, already stated in placing the adjectives, 
(page 10, applies here also; namely, mention 

p 



158 CONSTRUCTION OF SENTENCES. 

the principal word, or idea, last. Let us demon- 
strate this :- — 

Habia llegado el dia de la fiesta de Ceres. 

What had arrived ? The feast. What parti- 
cular feast? Of Ceres. I wish to state what had 
arrived. 

Debe adorarse aquella cuyos beneficios cubren 
la tierra. 

Some beneficent deity is to be adored; but 
which ? She in whose honor the feast is cele- 
brated — Ceres; that goddess whose blessings 
cover the earth. 

Caminaban juntos y a pie dos estudiantes. 

Who were travelling? Two students. That 
they walked together and on foot, is of minor 
importance. 

Hence the reason why the "nominative " or 
subject, follows the verb ; namely, because the 
subject or agent is almost always the principal 
part of the sentence. 

In reading, therefore, a Spanish author, if the 
sentence should begin with a verb, read a little 
further on, and you will soon meet with the 
" nominative " subject, or, rather, the agent or 
doer of the action. 



TOHN B. JOHNSON, PRINTER, LIVERPOOL. 



S" V0FC0 NC*ESS 




